Advanced Management Accounting Samples for Students-Myassingment

Questions: 1.What is Costing Problem related with MMR? 2.Suggest Costing System utilizing Conventional Costing? Answers: 1.Costing issue related with MMR Macintoshes Molding and Repairs Ltd maintaining its SME business effectively. The organization has recorded 15% year on year development. It has three business lines which are shaping, custom plastic items and fixes. Trim business of MMR is the most beneficial business which developing essentially. It incorporates embellishment of plastic and other material into items. In spite of the fact that the deals of the MMR have been expanded essentially yet their net revenue isn't sufficient. The staff of MMR are exceptionally talented and productive enough to convey the work on schedule. Embellishment business of MMR has expanded by 15% in each most recent multi year. Some particular machines and gear are utilized in trim. The cost associated with the embellishment procedure is significantly factor which increment with the expansion of creation. The procedure is completely robotized which implies a solitary individual can work 30 machines one after another. Clients are given 60 days credit with no additional charges. Indeed, even the transportation cost has been paid by the MMR itself. The purpose for this is to contend in the market. Then again, custom work division of MMR produces the items on the gave plans of the clients. They don't offer any planning types of assistance to its clients. The custom work is more work serious as each request is diverse with the last one. In any case, stores are taken ahead of time and full installment is recuperated inside the 7 days of the deals. Customs product offering incorporates the assembling of redid items utilizing fiberglass, Plastic, carbon fiber and other Morden materials. Works makes the most of their work and are exceptionally talented. The fix business of MMR gives a wide scope of fix administrations to the clients. It incorporates fixing of Canoes, pontoons, mechanical hardware and custom vehicles. Fix workshop business of MMR is likewise productive which incorporates selling of fix stocks also. MMR sells the fix apparatus both on the web and disconnected. Fixes work is completed in a different structure by the works. This business is likewise a work concentrated. Fast conveyance and speedy administrations are the center quality for MMR. Employment costing strategy is being utilized by MMR for cost bookkeeping. Embellishment thinks about every creation as a new position. Direct work and material expense are followed by the activity sheets. Be that as it may, following costing issues have been seen which brought about a low overall revenue of MMR: In trim, at whatever point MMR gets another and earnest request it stops the current request and goes with the new creation. The material and sources utilized for the past creation should be dumbed which builds the material expense. 60 days credit permitted by MMR is likewise expanding its working expense as cash is on layaway with no premium. MMR is losing opportunity cost on its credited sum. Free transportation is additionally expanding the expense for MMR. In the traditions division, the procedure is more work concentrated and along these lines, the expense of creation is higher in this division. At a time 5 units are created which is low. Fixed expense is high in custom work which is the reason the benefits are similarly low. Fix works is additionally a work escalated division yet the organization is selling fix material as well and utilizing the space at fix workshop. Costing approach of MMR is additionally answerable for low-overall revenues. All the expense are combined and c onveyed similarly among all the division which is definitely not an ideal practice. Evaluating is finished by following expense in addition to approach. Trim 20%, custom 30% and fixes 25%. The edge for custom and fix works isn't satisfactory as both the procedure are work escalated and cost of creation is commonly a lot higher than embellishment (Drury, 2008). 2.Significance of costing Cost bookkeeping is a strategy and a device to decide the expense of the undertaking. Least the cost most extreme the benefit. Along these lines, while taking choices supervisors consider cost at need and take doable and beneficial choices where cost is least (Eldenburg et. al., 2017). Regular costing is advantageous and simple to inspect. In regular costing, volume cost driver is utilized which mutilates the expense of item. Overabundance or any undesired expense is charged to the client with the assistance of employment costing (Kinney Raiborn, 2008). Notwithstanding, traditional costing technique isn't proper for the broadened product offering as a solitary strategy for costing is utilized. Nature of item and its procedure is overlooked which doesn't give the correct data about the real expense related with the item or administration. By and by, MMR utilizes work costing technique as the administration discover this strategy progressively advantageous and simple to ingest its cost regardless of the nature and multifaceted nature of its product offerings. MMR can expand its benefits by utilizing various strategies for costing for its every business line. Half breed costing framework is a morden approach which has been generally utilized by the organizations for costing. It favors the blend of two or than two costing strategy relying upon the idea of the assembling procedure and material. For trim division, it can utilize cluster costing as structure and nature of the item is comparative. It assists with regarding each group of creation as a different activity. Agreement costing is likewise useful for its custom fills in as each request is isolated from another (Hansen, Mowen Guan, 2015). Cost engaged with custom work is normally higher than other two division. The expense of each delivered unit contrasts because of various need and necessity of the clients. For its fix works, it can proceed with the activity costing as the fixes works run in a different lease d structure where the fixed expense including rent and work is exceptionally high. Occupation costing will assist with discounting the fixed expense with the each activity (Eldenburg et. al., 2017). MMR need to reconsider its valuing as the custom and fixes division are more work escalated while the trim division includes variable costing. It needs to expand the creation of custom work and fixes so fixed expense can discount. Higher creation level decreases the fixed expense and assists with limiting the expense of creation (Eldenburg et. al., 2017). References Drury, C. (2008). The board and Cost Accounting. London: Cengage Learning EMEA. Eldenburg, L. G., Brooks, An., Oliver, A., Vesty, G., Dormer, R., Murthy, V. (2017). The board Accounting. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia. Hansen, D., Mowen, M., Guan, L. (2015). Cost Management: Accounting and Control. Bricklayer: Cengage Learning. Cengage Learning. Kinney, M., Raiborn, C. (2008). Cost Accounting: Foundations and Evolutions. Bricklayer: Cengage Learning.

Leading Change by John P. Kotter

Presentation Leading Change is a book composed by John Paul Kotter, a Harvard Business School educator and one of the main researchers in the field of initiative and change, accurately, he discusses how best organizations can execute change. The book comprises of 187 pages orchestrated into 15 sections, these sections are put into three classifications: Part I, Part II, and Part III. Every part handles an alternate stage towards actualizing change. Driving Change was first distributed in the United States in1996 by the Harvard Business School Press.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Leading Change by John P. Kotter explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More I picked Leading Change since the book is a global smash hit composed by perhaps the best writer in business the board. Having perused one of Kotter’s books: The Heart of Change (2002), I was stunned by the profundity of information he has in how best to oversee organizations towards change. Dri ving Change was a method of broadening my comprehension of a similar subject. In the event that the book’s title is an indication into the book’s substance, I hope to discover helpful data in overseeing and actualizing change in an association. With the ever-expanding requirement for organizations to impact change so as to stay important, I anticipate that the creator should give a precise strategy for executing change, and, in his trademark style, to give various contextual investigations of how organizations have prevailing by actualizing change. Book Summary Kotter starts by advising us regarding the significance of progress in each part of life, he makes reference to globalization as a significant power pushing firms towards actualizing change (Kotter, p. 10). He takes the since quite a while ago settled separation of the board against administration. From this correlation, we realize why Kotter picked Leading Change as his title as opposed to something like Managi ng Change for it takes authority instead of only administration to control firms through occasions of incredible change. Kotter advances 8 stages that are crucial to impact change in any firm as sketched out beneath: Establishing a need to keep moving In Chapter 3, Kotter examines the primary phase of affecting change and expresses that this stage requires a lot of cooperation, a very much spread out arrangement, and a status to make penances for other people. The creator sets that a significant level of fulfillment and a low degree of desperation are the two biggest boundaries to affecting change. He further expresses that various firms face fulfillment regardless of having a profoundly clever and positive-thinking staff. Kotter gives nine procedures of beating fulfillment and underscores that a powerful pioneer is required to transform these methodologies into reality.Advertising Looking for report on business correspondence? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Creating the Guiding Coalition Chapter 4 starts with a framework of the second phase of affecting change. Kotter states that so as to incite change in any firm, solid rules are required. These incorporate the correct group of people, significant level of trust, and regular vision are imperative to the accomplishment of this procedure. Moreover, a solitary head can't actualize change without anyone else, it is his obligation to arrange a solid group to help him during the program. Kotter presents four phases expected to make a compelling group and expresses that the most huge highlights to the accomplishment of the group are trust, a common target, and truthfulness. Build up a dream and methodology Kotter makes reference to that there are three different ways to convince individuals into modifying their conduct to acquire the ideal change an association, these strategies are dictator, micromanagement, and vision. Vision explains the requirement fo r change and is a center component to all incredible administration. He makes reference to the highlights of a suitable vision and gives a strategy for actualizing the vision effectively. Impart the change vision Kottler stresses the significance of correspondence out and about towards change. Openness is of the utmost importance for the achievement of any change system embraced for it makes understanding among the colleagues actualizing the change. He composes that significant data must be ignored more than once in various manners. In particular, people’s every day correspondence prerequisites need to mirror the better approach for intuition, he cites Mahatma Gandhi that pioneers must â€Å"be the change they wish to see† (Kotter, pp. 89). Enable workers for expansive based activity This shows up in section 8 and for the most part harps on the idea of staff strengthening. Kotter makes reference to disposing of impediments that will obstruct the change endeavors. Top-l evel administration can dispose of these hindrances by guaranteeing that the current system doesn't obstruct the vision of progress. By adjusting the present authoritative system to vision, the change procedure can be progressively fruitful. Kotter likewise makes reference to the significance of workforce training identifying with strengthening: instruction enables the representatives and improves the probability of accomplishment of the change program. Create momentary successes The 6th stage in the execution of progress, which shows up in part 9, approaches the age of prompt victories to exhibit the significance of progress to the firm and to root for the group actualizing change.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Leading Change by John P. Kotter explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kotter says that these momentary successes increment the odds of finishing the change procedure, notwithstanding, they are just useful on the off chance that they are observable to many, the terms are straight, and the achievement is firmly connected with the change procedure. A triumph produced to fulfill the prerequisites makes euphoria, conviction, and drive. So by what method should this be possible? Kotter states that the answer for making progress is arranging as opposed to relying upon petitions, he separates between â€Å"gimmick wins† and substantial transient victories (Kotter, pp. 191). Kotter states that despite the fact that momentary tricks can be useful for some time, managers must not hurt the firm’s future by affecting transient triumphs. In rundown, transient successes ought not be offered unmistakable quality to long haul change dreams. Merge gains and produce more change In the seventh stage, Kotter traces five stages to accomplishing triumph in change programs. The initial step is to start perplexing and intense changes in the firm, at that point look for more help to ensure the program succeeds. Thirdly, the r anking directors must carry on giving a solid accentuation on the purpose behind the change program, next, decentralization of the projects is indispensable for it permits the executives to concentrate on the explanation behind the change program and expands their odds of progress. The last advance is to dispose of superfluous credits or fulfillment. Grapple new methodologies in the way of life The last advance starts in part 10 and principally manages the perils of neglecting to execute change programs, Kotter offers a recipe for actualizing change. Neglecting to embrace change projects can prompt an all out disappointment in an organization, and the way in to a perpetual change in an association not just depends on changing vision or statements of purpose or even the guidance manuals, however in changing the organization customs. Basic reasoning Leading Change keeps on being an acknowledged book on the techniques for directing an association towards change. Kotter offers various t houghts and directions for the pioneer to recall, and he presents these thoughts in straightforward stages. While there are no references to these thoughts, quite a bit of what he presents relates to current examinations and hypotheses in authority and authoritative conduct. Kotter additionally makes a great showing by giving us a differentiation among pioneers and directors, and the understanding that ICT has for all time changed society by quickening change, subsequently the pressing requirement for supervisors to figure out how to lead their associations towards change.Advertising Searching for report on business correspondence? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Obviously, this book is intended for ranking directors attempting to impact change in huge associations, in any case, I likewise discovered some data that can be applied in littler firms. Driving Change is an absolute necessity read for business officials, particularly in the 21st century where each part of the corporate world is constantly experiencing change. The book has its drawback as well. It needs detail, supporting information and research studies to praise the thoughts introduced. Kotter discusses enormous structural changes in the commercial center, however does exclude supporting proof. A portion of the proposals that he presents are hard to see as well, for instance, he makes reference to that permitting a budgetary misfortune will help approve the criticalness for change, this thought may proclaim the defeat of a steady business or association. He likewise makes reference to that non-administrative representatives have been prepared to not be responsible, an announcement many will excuse as paradox. The book seems, by all accounts, to be a gathering of articles on overseeing change in associations rather that a total book on driving change. Kotter talks about various instances of progress programs that fizzled with less notice of handy systems and positive models. My anxiety while perusing the book was that because of the absence of subtleties and supporting proof, it might be utilized by a mean or exploitative chief to protect abusive requests that may in the long run harm an association. Proposal I would prescribe the book to any chief attempting to lead the firm through change as it gives a disentangled method of approaching this procedure. The creator presents the change program in straightforward parcels of thoughts with stages, steps and blunder records that are anything but difficult to recollect. The eight phases of progress set forward offer timel

The Right Way to Compare Merchant Payment Processors

The Right Way to Compare Merchant Payment Processors Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!The Right Way to Compare Merchant Payment ProcessorsUpdated On 19/07/2018Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2NpUunC CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIf you run a business, it’s high time you start accepting credit and debit card payments. Though cash has long been king, consumers are carrying cashless and less frequently; under 41 percent of the population is likely to have cash on hand, and one-third of the younger generations, to include millennials and gen z, attest to never touch the stuff. Thus, if your business isn’t equipped to accept plastic payments, you are missing out on a significant portion of potential profits.However, that doesn’t mean you should rush recklessly into accepting card payments. Rather, you should take your time to compare available merchant payment processors to determine which one is right for your busin ess. Here is a guide to researching and understanding your options, so you can accept card-based payments the right way.First, Some IntrospectionWhat does your business sell? How do your customers behave? Where do you do business? I might seem like these are rudimentary questions, but providing answers is a critical first step to finding your perfect payment processor. Questions like these will help you understand what kind of transactions you will likely process, which in turn will lead you to merchant payment processing providers best equipped to handle your payment needs. For example, if your business exists in stores, online and on a mobile app, you will need a processor who offers services across all three platforms. You should pay especially close attention to the size and frequency of your transactions because most processors organize their plans around these two criteria. You could be penalized with fees if your transactions don’t occur according to your plan.Additionally, you should consider what services and features are important, though not critical, to your business. For example, your brand might be built on the importance of supporting local businesses so you might prefer a local payment processor. Customer service is always important, but if you are a Luddite, having a particularly active and available service line available might be imperative. As you determine what you need and want, you should make a checklist and rate these features according to their importance.Next, Deep ResearchWith your checklist in hand, you should begin your hunt for the perfect merchant payment processing provider. You can start on the internet: Perform a web search for processors and a few of the most important features on your list. Then, you should dive deep into whatever results show up, scouring websites for information about services and plans. During this period, you should accumulate a long list of potential processors. Likely, you will feel overwhelmed by p ossibility and want to commit yourself to be a cash-only enterprise. However, by paying attention to the information available online, you should be able to narrow your list relatively swiftly. You should consider the quality of providers’ websites; if the website is at all janky or less-than-informative, you can write that option off. You might also search other areas of the web, like the Better Business Bureau, for reviews of potential processors. An exceptional number of dissatisfied customers is a bright-red flag that should prompt you to look elsewhere.READImportant things to cover in your content campaignOnce you have a small, manageable list, you should begin calling processors for quotes. Rarely are processors fully transparent regarding their fee structure online; calling is often the only way to understand and compare costs. Plus, calling processors allows you a better view of their customer service. Any providers who take too long to reach or are in any way rude or dism issive might not be right for your business.Finally, the DecisionOnce you have thought long and hard about your needs, done an appropriately deep amount of research on your options and contacted the hopefuls, it is time to make your decision. While your payment processor will impact day-to-day business and your bottom line â€" meaning this choice has an effect on how your business functions â€" it is important to remember that payment processing contracts only last for a certain length of time. If you are dissatisfied with your service in any way, you can return to your research and choose a new provider after your contract term is up. You need a payment processor soon, but you don’t want to make the decision lightly. By putting the time and effort into researching and weighing your options, you will be more likely to find the perfect processing service and lead your business to success.

Camille Chevalier-Karfis - ThoughtCo

These Past Couple Of Years We Have Seen All Types Of Racism

These past couple of years we have seen all types of racism and hate not only in a certain city but all around the world. Racial profiling, police brutality and police taking advantage of their authority. Personally I feel that police officers should wear body cameras regardless of the costs while on duty, there is no downside on requiring body cams. The cameras would serve as evidence to be referenced at any time that allegations are made against a police officer. Or in other cases if the police officer over did his authority towards someone. Police brutality has been around for years, mostly it has to do with racism. Cooper explains â€Å"Psychological violence also assured other forms during these stops. During stops, officers might†¦show more content†¦At times police officers would be the victims at times, people see everything that goes on and automatically assume that a police officer is going to treat them bad or be aggressive towards them so they become defensive a nd ready to attack even if the police officer doesn’t have that intention. We see in the news all the times that a police killed or shot a woman or man but we don’t really know if the police had to for self-defense or if they took advantage of their authority. Police officers sometimes accuse or violate an innocent person’s right at times regardless the person is innocent they consider them guilty until proven innocent. Williams says â€Å"This is the policeman’s and vigilante’s logic: shoot first, ask questions later. It’s the algorithmic filter at the border of a fractured brave new world, where every value of American jurisprudence is upturned on its head.† (pg.58) To act first before questioning or asking seems so hard for officers at times because either the person don’t cooperate or the officer is being rude and stereotyping. Before a police officer can judge someone they should at least give the person the chance to expl ain themselves rather than act aggressively. None of the actions that cops do at times stays recorded or on file unless someone else is recording. Racial profiling is probably the most famous reason why cops act upon a person the way they do. McAlister says â€Å"The attitude underlying racial profiling is one that may beShow MoreRelatedThe American Civil War And The Civil Rights Movement1539 Words   |  7 PagesCivil Rights movement. 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During the Great Depression, colossal unemployment and relocation forcedRead MoreThe Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen Barriers of Relationships1716 Words   |  7 PagesFor decades, interracial relationships have been a deep seated conflict among many people and families in our history. Not only in the United States, but many countries around the world have debated and banned such acts. Although it has now been found to be unconstitutional based on the violation of the fourteenth amendment, societal perceptions, norms, and hate g roups have still managed to persist. We as a country have come a long way in the past fifty years by recognizing the injustice in banningRead MoreThe Representation Of Native Americans1241 Words   |  5 Pagesthe participants think things have improved while others think that there is room for improvement when it comes to the representation of Native Americans in media. The participants were between the ages of 18 and 60. Stephanie says that some people (particularly from other countries), still think that native people still live in teepees and dress the way that they used to. It has been noted that popular media overwhelmingly depicts Native people as living in the past. What it comes down to is thatRead MorePlastic Makes Perfect?814 Words   |  3 Pageswarning labels on Barbie Dolls because they set ridiculous standards, reinforce the ideas of racism, and destroy the self-esteem of girls everywhere. Girls are worrying about their appearances earlier in life than ever before. They strive for perfection, which no one can attain, well, except for Barbie. Have you ever seen a woman who has the same body as Barbie? Probably not, considering she would have to crawl just to support her freakish proportions. There is a 1 out of 4.3 billion chance ofRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police1281 Words   |  6 Pageson the situation at hand. 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In other words, the majority of the debate comes from the racial issues which created a system of unequal treatment of citizens along the lines of race and ethnicity. Within the broad scope of this topic of slavery, the focus will be specified on the history, theory and economic implications. The reason is because racism is the main questionRead MoreEth 125 Final Paper1590 Words   |  7 Pagesnot have before taking this course. Seeing white people in my community is the norm for me. I live in a fairly large city that has a wide variety of races, culture, and heritage, but Whites make up 90% of the population here, while the rest of the population is a mixer of Asian American, African American, Native Americans, Portuguese and Hispanics. I have been in contact with people that think race, heritage, and culture are factors that do not affect communities, but racism, discrimination

Strategic Planning at BP - 1198 Words

The planning function is where management seeks to design corporate actions that will help the organization meet its strategic objectives. The strategic planning process is usually step-based, in order to ensure that the organization takes a proactive approach to planning, rather than a reactive approach. The strategic planning process begins with setting the corporate mission and objectives as the first step. Most corporations will have a broad vision for the company and a mission that are expressed in statements so that all of the corporations stakeholders will be able to understand these things about the company. BPs stated business model is to create value across the entire hydrocarbon value chain Ã¥ ­Ëœtarting with exploration and ending with the supply of energy and other products fundamental to life (BP.com, 2012). Naturally, BP operates to enhance shareholder wealth as a primary objective. This general process is mirrored at BP. The company uses a structure that emphasizes the different functions exploration, extraction, refining and retailing. The strategic planning process at the highest level of the company seeks to develop and leverage synergies between these different functions. The operating synergies, and the synergies in the marketplace that derive from the use of a consistent name, are key to BPs operating strategy. Each unit within the different functions is designed to earn its own money through whatever means are available. So for example, it is notShow MoreRelatedThe Planning Function at BP1307 Words   |  5 PagesThe planning function consists of a number of different steps, including situational analysis, alternative goals and plans, goal and plan evaluation, goal and plan selection, implementation and monitoring/control. The situation at BP is that the company is working to shake off the effects of the Deepwater Horizon disaster. 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In the case of the BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill, we examine the effects of an organization not being prepared for this particular crisis. The world scrutinized the actions, inactions, and the human decisions made by BP that led to a major catastrophic crisis. The organization was not prepared for a crisis of this magnitude. Our text stated that this type of negligenceRead MoreBp : The Spill Of The Gulf Of Mexico921 Words   |  4 Pagesan explosion occurred aboard BP contracted Transocean Ltd Deepwater Horizon oil rig stationed in the Gulf of Mexico. Eleven workers were killed instantly. Unfortunately, the BP management did not wake up that morning (or countless mornings before) expecting the event to occur for it took them almost 4 months to clean up the spill. The first month was spent forecasting the rate of the spill and having President Barack Obama tour the site. 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Mill What Is Poetry Essay Example For Students

Mill What Is Poetry Essay That, however, the word poetry imports something quite peculiar in its nature; something which may exist in what is called prose as well as in verse; something which does not even require the instrument of words, but can speak through the other audible symbols called musical sounds, and even through the visible ones which are the language of sculpture, painting, and architectureall this, we believe, is and must be felt, though perhaps indistinctly, by all upon whom poetry in any of its shapes produces any impression beyond that of tickling the ear. The distinction teens poetry and what is not poetry, whether explained or not, is felt to be fundamental; and, where every one feels a difference, a difference there must be. All other appearances may be fallacious; but the appearance of a difference is a real difference. Appearances too, like other things, must have a cause; and that which can cause anything, even an illusion, must be a reality. And hence, while a half- philosophy disdains the classifications and distinctions indicated by popular language, philosophy carried to its highest point frames new ones, but rarely sets aside the old, content with correcting and regulating them. It cuts fresh channels for thought, but does not fill up such as it finds ready-made: it traces, on the contrary, more deeply, broadly, and distinctly, those into which the current has spontaneously flowed. Let us then attempt, in the way of modest inquiry, not to coerce and confine Nature within the bounds of an arbitrary definition, but rather to find the boundaries which she herself has set, and erect a barrier round them; not calling mankind to account for having misapplied the word poetry, but attempting to clear up the conception which they already attach to it, and to bring forward as a distinct Renville that which, as a vague feeling, has really guided them in their employment of the term. The object of poetry is confessedly to act upon the emotions; and therein is poetry sufficiently distinguished from what Wordsmith affirms to be its logical opposite; namely, not prose but matter of fact, or science. The one addresses itself to the belief; the other, to the feelings. The one does its work by convincing or persuading; the other, by moving. The one acts by presenting a proposition to the understanding; the other, by offering interesting objects of contemplation to the sensibilities. This, however, leaves us very far from a definition of poetry. This distinguishes it from one thing; but we are bound to distinguish it from everything. To bring thoughts or images before the mind, for the purpose of acting upon the emotions, does not belong to poetry alone. It is equally the province (for example) of the novelist; and yet the faculty of the poet and that of the novelist are as distinct as any other two faculties; as the faculties of the novelist and of the orator, or of the poet and the metaphysical. The two characters may be united, as characters the most disparate may; but they have no natural connection. Many of the greatest poems are in the form of fictitious narratives; and, in almost all good serious fictions, there is true poetry. But there is a radical distinction between the interest felt in a story as such, and the interest excited by poetry; for the one is derived from incident, the other from the representation of feeling. In one, the source of the emotion excited is the exhibition of a state or states of human sensibility; in the other, of a series of states of mere outward circumstances. Now, all minds are capable of being affected more or less by representations of the latter kind, and all, r almost all, by those of the former; yet the two sources of interest correspond to two distinct and (as respects their greatest development) mutually exclusive characters of mind. At what age is the passion for a story, for almost any kind of story, merely as a story, the most intense? In childhood. But that also is the age at which poetry, even of the simplest description, is least relished and least understood; because the feelings with which it is especially conversant are yet undeveloped; and, not having been even in the slightest degree experienced, cannot be sympathized with. In what stage of the progress of society, again, is storytelling most valued, and the storyteller in greatest request and honor? In a rude state like that of the Tartars and Arabs at this day, and of almost all nations in the earliest ages. But, in this state of society, there is little poetry except ballads, which are mostly narrativethat it, essentially storiesand derive their principal interest from the incidents. Considered as poetry, they are of the lowest and most elementary kind: the feelings depicted, or rather indicated, are the simplest our nature has; such Joys and grief as the immediate pressure of some outward event excites in rude minds, which live wholly immersed in outward things, and have never, either from choice or force they could not resist, turned themselves to the contemplation of the world within. Passing now from childhood, and from the childhood of society, to the grown-up men and women of this most grown-up and machinelike age, the minds and hearts of greatest depth and elevation are commonly those which take greatest delight in poetry; the shallowest and emptiest, on the contrary, are, at all events, not those least addicted to novel-reading. This accords, too, with all analogous experience of human nature. The sort of persons whom not merely in books, but in their lives, we find perpetually engaged in hunting for excitement from without, are invariably those who do not possess, either in the vigor of their intellectual powers or in the depth of their sensibilities, that which would enable them to find ample excitement nearer home. The most idle and frivolous persons take a natural delight in fictitious narrative: the excitement it affords is of the kind which comes from without. Such persons are rarely lovers of poetry, though they may fancy themselves so because they relish ovals in verse. But poetry, which is the delineation of the deeper and more secret workings of human emotion, is interesting only to those to whom it recalls what they have felt, or whose imagination it stirs up to conceive what they could feel, or what they might have been able to feel, had their outward circumstances been different. Poetry, when it is really such, is truth; and fiction also, if it is good for anything, is truth: but they are different truths. The truth of poetry is to paint the human soul truly: the truth of fiction is to give a true picture of life. The two kinds of knowledge are different, and come by different ways, come mostly to different persons. Great poets are often proverbially ignorant of life. What they know has come by observation of themselves: they have found within them one highly delicate and sensitive specimen of human nature, on which the laws of emotion are written in large characters, such as can be read off without much study. Other knowledge of mankind, such as comes to men of the world by outward experience, is not indispensable to them as poets; but, to the novelist, such knowledge is all in all; he as to describe outward things, not the inward man; actions and events, not feelings; and it will not do for him to be numbered among those, who, as Madame Roland said of Bristol, know man, but not men. All this is no bar to the possibility of combining both elements, poetry and narrative or incident, in the same work, and calling it either a novel or a poem; but so may red and white combine on the same human features or on the same canvas. There is on order of composition which requires the union of poetry and incident, each in its highest kind -the dramatic. Poetic Analysis Essay: â€Å"the First Snowfall†A p the intention of printing it, but for the express purr should be poetry, being written under such influence impossible; but no otherwise possible than if he ca work every vestige of such looking-forth into the o an express his emotions exactly as he has felt the that he should feel them, thought they were to ERM lowest) as he knows that others feel them in similar when he turns round, and addresses himself to an utterance is not itself the end, but a means to an e himself expresses, to work upon the feelings, or up when the expression of his emotions or of his thou tinged also by that purpose, by that desire of make mind-then it ceases to be poetry, and becomes ell natural fruit of solitude and meditation; eloquence The persons who have most feeling of their own, if them a language in which to express it, have the hi est. understand the feelings of others are the moss nations who commonly excel in poetry are those w them le ast dependent upon the applause or sump general. Those to whom that applause, that sympathy necessary, generally excel most in eloquence. And are the least poetical of all great and intellectual n eloquent; the French also being the most sociable, dependent. If the above be, as we believe, the true commonly admitted between eloquence and poet if, as we cannot doubt, the distinction above stated will be found to hold, not merely in the language o and to intersect the whole domain of art. Take, for example, music. We shall find in that art, passion, two perfectly distinct stylesone of which other the oratory, of music. This difference, being s musical sectarianism. There has been much content modern Italian school, that of Rossini, and his such Without doubt, the passion it expresses is not the pathos or grief of Mozart or Beethoven; yet is passion, but garrulous passion, the passion which pours itself into other ears, and therein the better calculated for dramatic effect, having a natural adaptation for dialogue. Mozart also is great in musical oratory; but his most couching compositions are in the opposite style, that of soliloquy. Who can imagine Dove son heard? We imagine it overheard. Purely pathetic music commonly partakes of soliloquy. The soul is absorbed in its distress and, though there may be bystanders, it is not thinking of them. When the mind is looking within, and not without, its state does not often or rapidly vary; and hence the even, uninterrupted flow, approaching almost to monotony, which is a good reader or a good singer will give to words or music of a pensive or melancholy cast. But grief, taking the form of a prayer or of a complaint, becomes oratorical: no anger low and even and subdued, it assumes a more emphatic rhythm, a more rapidly returning accent; instead of a few slow, equal notes, following one after another at regular intervals, it crowds note upon note, and often assumes a hurry and bustle like Joy. Those who are familiar with some of the best of Rosins serious compositions, such as the air Tu ache I misers confront, in the opera of Attained, or the duet Been per MIM memoriam, in La Gaza Ladder, will at once understand and feel our meaning. Both are highly tragic and passionate: the passion of both is that of oratory, not poetry. The like may be said of that most moving invocation in Beethovens Fidel, > > > > Zoom, Huffing, lass ads latte Stern > > > > Deer M;De night reversible in which Madame Schroeder Deviant exhibited such consummate powers of pathetic expression. How different from Winters beautiful Pagan FBI, the very soul of melancholy exhaling itself in solitude! Fuller of meaning, and therefore more profoundly poetical, than the words for which it was composed; for it seems to express, not simple melancholy, but the melancholy of remorse. If from vocal music we now pass to instrumental, we may have a specimen of musical oratory in any fine military symphony or march; while the poetry of music seems to have attained its consummation in Beethovens Overture to Segment, so wonderful in its mixed expression of grandeur and melancholy. In the arts which speak to the eye, the same distinctions will be found to hold, not only between poetry and oratory, but between poetry, oratory, narrative, and simple imitation or description. Pure description is exemplified in a mere portrait or a mere landscape, productions of art, it is true, but of the mechanical rather than of the fine arts; being works of impel imitation, not creation. We say, a mere portrait or a mere landscape; because it is possible for a portrait or a landscape, without ceasing to be such, to be also a picture, like Turners landscapes, and the great portraits by Titian or Vandals. Whatever in painting or sculpture expresses human feelingsor character, which is only a certain state of feeling grown habitualmay be called, according to circumstances, the poetry or the eloquence of the painters or the sculptures art: the poetry, if the feeling declares itself by such signs as escape from us when we are unconscious of being en; the oratory, if the signs are those we use for the purpose of voluntary communication. The narrative style answers to what is called historical painting, which it is the fashion among connoisseurs to treat as the claims of the pictorial art. That it is the most difficult branch of the art, we do not doubt, because, in its perfection, it includes the perfection of all the other branches; as, in like manner, an epic poem though, in so far as it is epic (I. E. Narrative), it is not poetry at all, is yet esteemed the greatest effort of poetic genius, because there is no kind whatever of otter which may not appropriately find a place in it. But an historical picture as such, that is, as the representation of an incident, must necessarily, as it seems to us, be poor and ineffective. The narrative powers of painting are extremely limited. Scarcely any picture, scarcely even any series of pictures, tells its own story without the aid of an interpreter. But it is the single figures, which, to us, are the great charm even of an historical picture. It is in these that the power of the art is really seen. In the attempt to narrate, visible and permanent signs are too far behind the fugitive audible ones, which follow so fast one after another; while the faces and figures in a narrative picture, even though they be Titans, stand still. Who would not prefer one Virgin and Child of Raphael to all the pictures which Rueben, with his fat, frowzy Dutch Avenues, ever painted? -though Rueben, besides excelling almost everyone in his mastery over the mechanical parts of his art, often shows real genius in grouping his figures, the peculiar problem of historical painting. But then, who, except a mere student of drawing and coloring, ever cared to look twice at any of the figure s themselves? The poser of painting lies in poetry, of which Rueben had not the slightest tincture, not in narrative, wherein he might have excelled. The single figures, however, in an historical picture, are rather the eloquence of painting than the poetry. They mostly (unless they are quite out of place in the picture) express the feelings of one person as modified by the presence of others. Accordingly, the minds whose bent leads them rather to eloquence than to poetry rush to historical painting.

One Of This Centurys Icons In Photography Henri-Cartier Bresson, Thou

One of this century's icons in photography Henri-Cartier Bresson, thought to be the Father of modern day Street Photography, transformed the field through his concept of "the decisive moment." He defined it as "the simultaneous recognition in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as a precise organization of forms that give that event its proper expression." In other words, the dramatic climax of a picture where everything falls perfectly into place. Bresson's photographs excel in composition without cropping his negatives, he had a unique ability to capture the fleeting moment in which the subject's significance is revealed in form, content, and expression. Cartier-Bresson utilizes a Leica 35 Midtown Mediation camera, in fact, he popularized this small, portable camera. The general format that he incorporates is black and white silver gelatin in 11" x 14" and 16" x 20" sizes. The photograph, "Behind the Gare St. Lazare", 1932, a man jumping through a puddle, shows the French photographer's ability to catch the moment in which an event is about to take place. This picture is one of intensity and depth, it brings out his creativity and ability as a photographer. The contrasts of light-to-dark and dark-to-light is brought about all throughout the image. His ability of self-expression and compassion for his artwork, is what makes this photograph so full of life and passion. The style of the picture is smooth, and soft, yet at some angles it looks harsh and full of shadows. It brings out the complexities and intricacies that a photographer has to go through in order to achieve such a perfect picture. He also makes popular the saying "being at the right place at the right time," because this is just what this photograph demonstrates. It also catches the attention of any viewer, just in the simple way the man is literally above the ground jumping over the puddle, it's an amazement to any eye. The sense of shadowing that pertrude throughout the image, is in itself a great accomplishment. Bresson captivated his audiences through his marvelous works, he captured the essential quality and fineness of an object and multiplied it by 3. Cartier-Bresson was, and is an incredible photographer that still fascinates and enchants his audiences with such great works. Bibliography N/A

Free sample - Usage of Internet and Email. translation missing

Usage of Internet and Email. Usage of Internet and EmailNowadays it is very difficult to imagine modern world without computer technologies and using of computer programs as practically every sphere of our life is connected with them. Computers and Internet constitute rather big part of business life, as it is very difficult to control work without computers and Internet (Soong, 2010, p. 15).   It is understood that with the appearance and development of Internet, it became one of the most effective methods of influence, controlling and sharing information. Internet and everything that is connected with cyber industry affect people greatly. Such democratization of Internet and IT technologies means people are able to share their points of view and visions of certain problems despite their geographical location (Hatchen, 2000, p. 34). People can share messages by means of internet with the high speeds because they are shared by means social networks. It means that everyone is struggling for attention and place in a media environment. This environment now is cramped with information. Needless to say, that modern society is very dependent upon Internet and popular networks that became inevitable part of life of every user.   Every day life is hard to imagine without Internet and IT technologies. With their help, it is easier to tell the public about technological improvements and events from social and political spheres.   Whatever the reason or interest is, any person has the opportunity to transmit a message through the Internet and this massage can be potentially heard by thousand of people all over the world. This means of taking information is very hard to substitute. I am a current employee of the company dealing with the development and delivery of the trade equipment. In our company, the use of Internet and corporate email has become an inevitable part of the working process. The use of e-mails as a means of sharing information and communication becomes very popular in any company or organization, as this is a very simple process requiring minimum time and strengths. This means of communication and sharing the data and information is very popular and widely spread from the point of view convenience and time-consumption. The development of Internet and its implementation made the process of communication easier and faster. It gained great popularity among the employees, as Internet allows being aware of the information necessary for the production process and communication. As usual, every company is provided with the personal server that is able to serve the consumers of the company, where every employee is provided with the personal corporate e-mail address in order to communicate and share messages within the company (Kirshenbaum, 2009, p. 23). As a rule, the content of the shared information and emails is strictly controlled by the management of the or ganization in order to prevent frauds, viruses and leakage of personal and corporate information. In this case, the companies make use of the privacy policy. One of the main aims of such policy is to prevent computers from the illegal access, use of information by the third persons and fraud and viruses invasions. In my company, this kind of policy is provided by means of computers’ protection from outside users. The IT managers entitled to use the personal information of the employees to protect it from illegal utilization. It is one of the most popular and reliable measures, as not every employee can distinguish potential danger and see that the E-mail box, containing his or her personal information, stored in his computer was broken and used. There are a lot of measures the companies should take to protect and guard their networks. A good safety plan outlining essential safety measures is required for quick reply and disaster revival. Auditing, tracking and constant monito ring of the network should be conducted to distinguish leaks and intrusions. Moreover, different kinds of firewalls and other appliances of software and hardware can become helpful for discouraging network intruders. A great number of companies use some regulations and laws that are developed to protect personal information of the employees stored in their computers. This is the email privacy used by very company on the legal basis. Email privacy was elaborated by the US government and is derived from the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This policy is governed by the standard of reasonable expectation of privacy. According t this policy, the managerial of every American company is able to control e-mail and Internet use of the employees during their working hours. Moreover, the regulations of the privacy policy presupposes constant monitoring of email boxes and websites visited by he employees within working day. Most employers make their employees sign a computer and network use policy that usually sets forth that their email should be to be used merely for business purposes and entitles the employer to monitor usage of email and computer.   This agreement usually deprives an employ ee of any rational expectation of privacy, and means that the emails of the employees are fair game for the employer to seek through.   Employers, disparate from law enforcement, do not have many obstacles averting them from checking the emails of the employers. It is only a matter of business as the employees should take into account the fact that theory can cause difficulties to their business, that is why, the main aim of the agreement of privacy policy is to protect the company, but not to adversely modify the rights of the employees (Levmore and Nussbaum, 2010, p. 45). Privacy policy measures are forwarded to protect company from illegal usage and leakage of business information through the emails of its employees. Every company should control usage of Internet usage and content of email messaging. It is regulated by the current legislation and every employee should stick to the laws of privacy policy. The employees realize that the privacy policy is very significant for the both, them and their company. It is an inevitable part of the policy of every company used to prevent the leakage of company’s information and preserve the order within the organization. As usual, privacy policy does not have any negative effect on the employees. Indeed, it makes them more careful and watchful concerning the problem of security and privacy, as privacy at work is a half of success of every organization. Reference List Hatchen, W.A. and Hatchen, H. (2000). The World News Prism: Changing Media of International Communications. Iowa: Iowa State University PressNissenbaum, H. ( 2009) Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life (Stanford Law Books). Stanford: Stanford Law BooksLevmore, S. and Nussbaum, M. ( 2010) The Offensive Internet: Speech, Privacy, and Reputation. New York: Harvard University PressSoong J., (2010) When Technology Addiction Takes Over Your Life. Boston: Wiley

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Economics - Essay Example As a way of influencing the demand and supply of money in the economy, the Federal Reserve use either contractionary or expansionary money policy. Because, the interest rates are low there is a high availability of money supply in the economy as a result, there is moderate inflation occurrence that is currently at two percent. As the Fed chairperson, the use of restrictive monetary policy measures ensure s there is a steady flow of money in the economy during the period (Bartolotti, 2006). This is because restrictive monetary policy ensures that there is a higher level of depository interest rate for commercial banksas it borrows money from the Federal Reserve banks as they keep their reserves at the authorized level. In addition, it is critical to increase the open market operations by ensuring the citizens with extra money to save can invest in it because of the highly expected returns leading to money being drained out of the economy. As a result, the banking institutions will cha nge a higher rate as it lends less money with increased reserve requirement thus, individuals will seek alternatives for seeking funds rather than borrowing money. In addition, the government can make investments with the funds collected from open market operations leading to increased gross domestic product (GDP) growth. With an unemployment rate that is quite high, there is a need to carry out measures that will influence the growth of employment levels in the economy. Concerning, the new classical economists notion on unemployment and inflation, they highly advocate for a stable inflation-unemployment trade-off that is achievable through the Phillips curve. Based on the Philips curve the trade off is achievable on the assumption of changes in the price level in the private sector freely. This is because the Philips curve enhances the relationship between inflation and unemployment because of fiscal and monetary policy changes (Knoop, 2004). Nonetheless, the classical economics ar gue based on the conceptualization that the expectations-augmented in the Phillips curve emphasizes that the unemployment rate should not extend further than the natural level as it could lead to increased inflation rates. More significantly, it is critical to implement fiscal and monetary policies to influence employment levels (Knoop, 2004). This is because the economy is recovering from a recession period and the economy tends to grow with the aggregate demand (AD) increasing therefore, the levels of employment will increase. Even though, there is an increased pressure for a raise in wages after rescission, the rate at which the economy grows is faster, and the wages begin to rises slowly. Based on the Philips curve an outward shift of the aggregate demand AD curve because of increased consumer spending causes the equilibrium level of national output to shift to the point Y2 beyond potential gross domestic product (GDP). As a result, this creates a positive output gap, and it is more preferably attributed to cause a rise in inflationary pressure

Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example Importance of efficient market hypothesis can be identified from empirical implications of it in many pieces of research and studies by empirical researchers. Literature on efficient market hypothesis before LeRoy (1973) and Lucas (1978) was evolved around the random walk hypothesis and magnitude model. These are statistical description of price changes that can be Lo and McKinley (1988) forecasted and initially taken to be implication efficient market hypothesis. The first test of random walk hypothesis was developed by Jones and Cowles (1973), and they compared frequency sequence and reversal in historical return of stocks. They identified same sign of former pairs of consecutive return and the opposite sign of latter pair of consecutive return. Osborne (1959), Fama (1963; 1965), Cootner (1962; 1964), Fama and Blume (1966) conducted tests of random walk hypothesis and supported previous studies of random walk hypothesis using historical stock return. Lo and McKinley (1988) reported that variance of two week stock return is double the variance of one week stock return. They conducted this test on US indexes from 1962 to 1985. French and Roll (1985) identified from their study that variance of stock return over weekends and holidays are much lower than variance of week days, especially first three weekdays of a week. Poterba and Summers (1988) and Fama and French (1988) found out negative correlation in US stocks indexes return from stock return data of 1962 to 1986 actually occurs.... In the process they use different forecasting techniques as well as some valuation methods. The combination of the techniques helps them in their decisions regarding investments. However, the hypothesis states that the techniques are not effective and no one has the capability to predict the outperformance of the market. If the investors enjoy any advantage, it is supposed not to exceed the incurred cost of transaction and research (Timmermann, & Granger, 2003, p.5). Literature review The origin of efficient market hypothesis can be traced back in the studies of two individuals in 1950s. One is Paul A. Samuelson and the other one is Eugene F. Fama. They identified the notion of market efficiency from two different research agendas. Samuelsson’s contribution in the invention of EMH was great, and the researcher summarized that in efficient market, changes in asset (stocks, bonds and other traded instruments) price can be forecasted if these are properly anticipated. This means price should fully incorporate all the information and expectation of all the market participants. In contrast to Samuelsson, Fama concentrated on statistical measures of stock price and resolving the debate regarding technical analysis and fundamental analysis of stock price. This researcher summarized that current price stocks fully reflect all information available to market participants. These two empirical research studies on this critical area of finance have helped many researchers thereafter to develop several econometric single or multifactor linear asset pricing models (Seweel, 2011, p.4). Random walk hypothesis Importance of efficient market hypothesis can be identified from empirical implications of it in many pieces of research and studies by empirical researchers.

Cultural Factors Considered By International Marketing Cultural Studies Essay

Cultural Factors Considered By International Marketing Cultural Studies Essay A good basic definition of concept of culture is that it is a set of traditional beliefs and values that are transmitted and shared in a given society. Culture is also the total way of life and thinking pattern that passed from generation to generation. Culture means many things to many people because the concept encompasses norms, values, customs, art and mores. Usunier and Lee(2009)suggests that this emphasis on world markets is often viewed as cross-border extensions of American marketing thought, ignoring people, languages, culture and advocating uniformity. According to Linton (1945), culture is the sum total of several attributes such as knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society. Edward Tylor(2002), suggests that culture is a complexity of factors including belief, knowledge, moral, law, custom, art and other capabilities acquired by man as a social being or the member of society. People in different cultures often have different ideas about the same subject. What is acceptable in one culture may not necessarily be acceptable in another. Therefore, a phenomena appearing in different cultures can be interpreted in different manners. Culture is shared and passed from generation to generation and is relatively stable and permanent. Old habits to die hard and a people tend to maintain its own heritage inspite of the fast changing world. Cultural pride and prejudice make many nations reject foreign ideas and imported products. But the reverse may also be true and a perception of greatness attributed to another culture may lead to eager acceptance of things reflecting the culture. For example, Japanese are proud of their culture and economic achievements and prefer to buy Japanese goods. On the other hand, the words Made in America marked on a product communicate quality and sophistication to people in many developing countries. The concept of what is right and wrong is based on culture. To he straight forward and honest are considered morally right in the US even though the feelings of the people are hurt. In Latin cultures, however, people avoid direct statements that would embarrass or would make others uncomfortable. Thus, even if a Latin businessman does not mean to do business, he would appear to have intention to do so. In an empirical study of French, American and Germany managers, substantial differences were noted on ethical issues. On an issue, that may benefit the firm at the expense of the environment, the French and German managers would more likely side with their employers and participate in what they perceive as a relatively minor infraction of environmental law. The American managers were less likely to approve a production run which would result in air pollution. Japanese are also very particular on the maintenance of environmental balance in their work ethics during the production of goods. Multinational corporations operate in different host countries around the world and in doing so have to deal with a wide variety of political, economical, geographical, technological and marketing situations. Moreover, each host country has its own society and culture which is different in many important ways from almost every other society or culture, although there are some commonalties. Though society and culture do not appear to be a part of marketing situations, yet they are actually the key elements in showing how marketing activities will be conducted, from what goods will be produced, and through what means they will be sold to establishing industrial and management patterns and determining the success or failure of local subsidiary or affiliate. Society and culture influence every aspect of overseas business of an MNC and successful MNC operations whether it is marketing, finance, production, or personnel has to be acutely aware of the predominant attitudes, feelings, and opinion in the local environment. Differences in values and attitudes between the management and the parent offices and expatriate managers at the subsidiary or affiliate level and local managers and employees can lead to serious operational and functional problems, which arise not because there are individual problems, but because of the important differences between societies and cultures. Society and culture often mould general attitudes towards fundamentals of life such as time, money, productivity and achievement all of which can differ widely across countries and lead to situations of differing expectations between the management in the home office and local employees of subsidiaries and affiliates. While some sociocultural differences are obvious, others are relatively subtle, though equally important. It is often difficult for an international manager to catch on these subtle differences if he or she has not lived or worked in cultures other than that of home country. MNCs have realised sometimes through costly blunders, that socio cultural factors are vital ingredients that make up overall business environment and that it is essential to appreciate these differences and how they influence the business before an attempt is made to set up an operation in a host country. There are too many human variables and different types of international marketing functions for an exhaustive discussion about culture. The main elements of culture are: Attitudes and beliefs Attitudes towards time Attitudes towards work and leisure Attitudes towards achievement Attitudes towards change Attitudes towards job. Attitudes and beliefs: In every society there are norms of behaviour based on attitudes, values and beliefs that constitute a part of its culture. The set of attitudes and beliefs of a culture will influence nearly-all aspects of human behaviour, providing guidelines and organisation to a society and its individuals. Identifying the attitudes and beliefs of a society and how if they differ from ones own culture will help the businessperson more easily understand the behaviour of people. Attitudes towards time: Everywhere in the world people use time tc communicate with each other. In international business, attitudes towards time are displayed in behaviour regarding punctuality, responses to business communication, responses to deadlines, and the amounts of time that are spent waiting in an outer office for an appointment. Attitudes towards work and leisure: Most people in the industrial society work many more hours than is necessary to satisfy their basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter. Their attitudes towards work and leisure are indicative of their views towards wealth and material gains. These attitudes affect the types, qualities and numbers of individuals who pursue entrepreneurial and management careers as well. Many industrial psychologists have conducted research in this area to determine what motivates people to work more than is necessary to provide for their basic needs. One explanation is the Protestant ethic which has its basis in the reformation, when work was viewed as a means of salvation and people preferred to transform productivity gains into additional output rather than additional leisure. Europeans and Americans are typically considered to adhere to this work ethic because they generally view work as a moral virtue and look unfavourably in the idle. Attitudes towards achievement: Cultural differences in the general attitudes towards work are also accompanied by significant national differences in achievement motivation. In some cultures, particularly those with high stratified and hierarchical societies, there is tendency to avoid personal responsibility and to work according to precise instructions received from supervisors that are followed by the latter. In many societies, especially where social security is low and jobs are prized, there is a tendency to avoid taking risks and little innovation in work or production processes. In such cultures, the prospects of higher achievement is not considered attractive enough to warrant taking avoidable risks. In many industrial societies, however, attitudes towards personal achievements are different. Personal responsibility and the ability to take risks for potential gain are considered valuable instruments in achieving higher goals. In fact, in many cultures the societal pressure on achievement -5 so intense that individuals are automatically driven towards attempting ambitious The types of attitudes among workers and managers often influence the types of management that has to be utilised to achieve corporate goals. In a culture that emphasises risk taking, greater responsibility, and individual decision making  « decentralised management system would be more appropriate. In a culture, where there is a tendency to put in only adequate amounts of work where achievement is not a valued attribute in a person, the company will follow a more centralisee management system with only limited delegation of decision-making authority. Attitudes towards change. The international manager must understand what aspects of a culture will resist change and how the areas of resistance differ among cultures, how the process of change takes place in different cultures and how long :: will take to implement change. There are two conflicting forces within a culture! regarding change. People attempt to protect and preserve a culture with an elaborate set of sanctions and laws on vogue against those who deviate from norms. Wher. differences are seen, they are perceived as, my method is right and other methods must be wrong. The contradictory force is one in which the public is aware that the cultural environment is continuously changing and that a culture must change in order to ensure its own continuity. In fact, in order to balance these attitudes, the manager must remember that a closer new idea can be related to a traditional one whed illustrating its relative advantage, the greater the acceptance of that new concept Usually, cultures with centuries old traditions that have remained closed to outside influences are more resistant to change than other cultures. The level of education in a society and the exposure of its people to the knowledge and experience of other cultures is an extremely important determinant of its attitude towards change. Attitude towards job. The type of job that is considered most desirable or prestigious varies greatly according to different cultures. Thus, while the medicinal and legal professions are considered extremely prestigious in the United States, civil service is considered most prestigious occupation in several developing countries including India. References Morgan, A., 1998, Copycat TV: Globalisation, program formats and cultural identity, Luton, England, University of Luton Press. Tylor Edward B., 2002, Primitive Culture in: Lambek Michael (ed.): A Reader in the Anthropology of Religion, Malden/Ma./USA Oxford/UK, pp. 21-34 Linton, Ralph 1945, The cultural background of personality. New York, Appleton-Century Philip R. Cateora, John L. Graham, 2007, International Marketing, 13th Edition, McGraw-Hills. Jean-Claude Usunier and Julie Anne Lee, 2009, Marketing Across Cultures, 5th edition, Prentice Hall. Latha Nair, 1999, Personnel Management, Himalaya publishing house. Dr. K. Aswathappa, Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, Himalaya publishing house. Svend Hollenses, A global Marketing decision oriented Approach, 3rd Edition. Stonehouse, G, Campbell, D, Hamill, J, Purdie, T, 2004, Global and transnationl business, 2nd Edition, John wiley and sons, west Sussex. Palmer, A, 2007, Introduction to marketing, Oxford university press, Newdelhi. (b) Cateora and Ghauri (2006) state that for the inexperienced marketer, the similar but different aspect of culture creates an illusion of similarity that usually does not exist. What do they mean by this statement? Explain and give specific examples to illustrate the points made. (50% of marks for this assignment) Consumption patterns, living styles and the priority of needs of the human beings play important roles on the culture. This in other words means that culture prescribes the manner in which people satisfy their desires/needs. Consumption of certain food gives a good example of how it influences the culture. Americans, Europeans and Arabians consume beef whereas Thais, Chinese and the majority of Indians do not consume beef at all believing that it is improper to eat cattle that work on farms, thus helping to provide food such as rice and vegetables. In Japan, the per capita annual consumption of beef has increased to 11 Lbs. which is very small compared to the 100 Lbs. per capita consumed in the US and Argentina. The Japanese eat uncooked sea food and the Iraqis eat dried, salted locust as snacks while drinking. The French eat snails. Americans and Europeans use honey (Bee expectorate or bee spit) and blue cheese or Roquefort salad dressing which is made with strong cheese with bluish mould. It has been seen that no society has a monopoly on their unusual eating habits when comparisons are made among various societies. Food preparation methods are also dictated by cultural preferences. Asian consumer prefers chicken broiled or boiled rather than fried. Consequently, the Chinese found that the Americans fried chicken style is foreign and distasteful. The culture not only dictates the type of food to be consumed but also it affects what should not be purchased. For example, Muslims do not purchase chicken unless it is hallaled and like Jews no consumption of pork is allowed. They also do not use alcoholic beverages, a habit which is shared by some of the Protestants. Moussy a non-alcoholic beer from Switzerland is a product that was manufactured for the consumption of Muslims being a non-alcoholic beverage. Life-style of individuals in every country has its own cultural influence. For example, in India majority of male and female wear dhoties/saris/lungis whereas in Pakistan they wear Salwar Kameez. In the western countries the dress code for men is suit with headgear as hat and for ladies it is skirt and blouse whereas in India the headgear is mostly turban. This life-style basically depends upon the weather conditions of the country. The priority of needs from one country to another also varies. For example, the westerners are effluent and buy their imported clothes in large quantities. In the developing countries the needs of individuals are meager. Hence most of the men and women are dressed in the minimum. Beside consumption habits, the thinking processes are also affected by culture. It has been observed that when the individuals travel overseas, it is virtually impossible for a person to observe foreign cultures without making reference, perhaps unconsciously, back to personal cultural values. This phenomenon is known as self reliance criterion (SRC). It is because of the effect of SRC the individual remains bound by his or her cultural assumptions. It is, therefore, necessary for the foreign traveller to recognise how the perception of overseas events can be distorted by the effect of SRC. The best example of SRC is the behaviour of the individuals treating their animals which reflects their thinking processes. Americans and Europeans usually treat dogs and cats as family members addressing the animals affectionately and even allowing them to sleep on their beds. Arabs view dogs as filthy animals. Some in the Far Eas: like Korea and Thailand, go as far as cooking and eating dogs. Hindus in contrast revere cows and are surprised as to how the westerners and the Muslims eat beef, that also in large quantity. The efforts of the international marketing man should be to reduce SRC effect on the individuals. The presence of SRC, if not controlled, can invalidate the results of the research study. Lee suggests a multi-step approach to remove the undue influence of SRC. Firstly the problem should be defined in terms of the culture of the researchers home country. Secondly, the same problem is defined again except that it is defined in terms of the cultural norms of the host country. Thirdly, a comparison is made of two cultural composites. Any difference between the composites indicates the existence of SRC. Although African, Arab and Asian business methods have endured for centuries, most American firms react to those methods in ethnocentric terms and prefer to conduct business along the familiar western lines. Project Heads launching a venture in less developed countries should consider the following guidelines: Resist the tendency to conduct business immediately on landing. Resist the tendency to conduct business at all times. Consider doing favour as a business tool to generate allies. Contact, cultivate and conduct field work among at least one sample clientele to serve as an initial testing centre for the firms product. Introduce the product line into the sample group by local forms of cause related marketing. Extend product acceptance beyond the sample clientele into related segments. An awareness of the influence of the SRCs is valuable because such awareness can help a manager to prevent a transfer of personal cultural norms on a wholesale basis to an overseas market. This awareness should make the manager more customer oriented and the marketing strategy thus developed will reflect through market needs. A country may be classified as a high context culture or low context culture. The context of culture is either high or low in terms of in depth background information. North America and North Europe are examples of low context cultures. In these types of societies messages are explicit and clear in the sense that actual words are used to convey the main part of information in communication. What is important is what is said, not how it is said and not the environment within which it is said. Japan, France, Spain, Italy, some countries of Asia like India, Africa (South Africa) and the Middle East Arabian nations are High-Context Cultures. In such countries the communication may be indirect and the expressive manner in which the message is delivered becomes critical because the verbal part does not carry most of the information. The context of communication is high because it includes a great deal of additional information such as message senders values, position, background and associations in the society. Ones individual environment such as physical setting and social circumstances determine what one says and how it is interpreted by others. This type of communication emphasises ones character and words as determinants of ones integrity making it possible for business persons to come to terms without detailed legal work. A common advertising method used by American advertisers is to present a TV commercial as an illustrated lecture. In this low context method, a product is discussed in the absence of its natural setting. Such a message is not easily understood in high context cultures because of the omission of the essential contextual details. In one of the studies, carried out by researchers they tested six European commercials on five cultural groups ranging from the high context Asian group to the low context Swedish group and the evidence supported Wells proposition. Compared to a low context culture, high context cultures perceive non-verbal communication elements as being more informative.

A Space for Intersexuality Essay -- Intersexuality Essays

A Space for Intersexuality In the video Hermaphrodites Speak, many of the individuals present stated that they felt something was missing and wished to convey to others that the surgery is unnecessary and a violation of their bodies, that something is now missing from their lives. In my paper, I will be looking at the circumstances and policies surrounding the birth reassignment surgery to which they are referring. In addition, I want to examine how this relates to our need for categories, specifically the gender categories of male and female. Why is it that we need to perform surgery on babies with ambiguous genitalia in order to somehow make them fit into these black and white gender categories? What would be the consequences of allowing hermaphrodites to make their own decisions regarding their individual sexuality? How problematic is it if they don't fit into a concrete category, and who is it that feels this is a problem? Inspired by the intersexual character of Cal/Callie in Jeffrey Eugenides Middlesex, I decided to turn to the dictionary (Oxford English Dictionary Online) to see if perhaps the definitions of "intersexual" and "hermaphrodite" had changed since the book was published. I was curious to see what the accepted, supposedly educated, view on intersexuals and hermaphrodites was these days. When I looked up the meaning of "intersexual" in the Oxford English Dictionary, I was surprised to see that there was no independent listing of the noun form of the word but only the adjective which was defined as: 1. Existing between the sexes 2. Biol. Typified by or having both male and female characteristics; having some characteristics proper to the other sex. Also absol. as n., an intersexual individual. Aha! There wa... ...surgeries for people born with an anatomy that someone decided is not standard for male or female." Maybe we should listen to what individuals and families dealing with intersex believe is a step in the right direction for society, that the problem of intersexuality is not one of gender but of stigma and trauma. It is not intersexuality and intersexuals that are the problem but normality and mainstream society that must be "fixed." Works Cited: 1. Oxford English Dictionary Online http://www.oed.com/ 2. Blackless, Melanie, Anthony Charuvastra, Amanda Derryck, Anne Fausto-Sterling, Karl Lauzanne, and Ellen Lee. 2000. How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis. American Journal of Human Biology 12:151-166. Available from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issuetoc?ID=69504032 3. Intersex Society of North America http://www.isna.org/drupal/

Speech About Premarital Pregnancy

Assalamu’alaikum wr. Wb Good day Ladies and Gentleman Pregnancy is a desire of every woman. Do you agree? Why is pregnancy important? Is family support also important? How’s the impact to economics life? Every family wants children in their life. It’s natural and a biological thing. Every pregnancy needs process. Knowledge about pregnancy is important to make us understand the process better. These days, there are so many cases about premarital pregnancy. In Indonesia, the number of this case is getting high in every year, especially for adolescent group. So today, I will tell you about what factors causing the premarital pregnancy.What’s premarital pregnancy in bahasa? There are so many factors causing premarital pregnancy. Can you mention it one by one? What is your reason? Okay, I will tell you. We can see it from the social aspect, health aspect, and also from the technological aspect. The first is from social aspect. Social aspect includes social inte raction with family, friends, and society. From those social interactions, interaction with family is the most important thing. From this interaction, morality of everyone is formed. Beside that, interaction social between friends and society are also very important.If we can’t interact with people in a good way, it establishes a negative behavior. The second is health aspect. Everyone wants a healthy life. There are so many people who fall to premarital pregnancy due to lack of health, both physical and spiritual. Both of those things, affect to our psychological condition. If we can’t take care of our health, it’s not possible for our mental becomes weak. Deviant behavior then arises from this incident. Free sex, for example. The last is technological aspect. Tehcnology changes our lifestyles. Many people don’t care about their surroundings which caused by technology.In Indonesia itself, technological developments is moving too fast. But it doesnâ€℠¢t counterbalanced by the improved quality of human resources. The government should make a wisdom about this technological developments. If they don’t, morality of the nation will be damaged, which causes the deviant behavior. In conclusion, pregnancy requires a clear process. This one is very important to avoid ourself from the premarital pregnancy. Because of that, we need to do the social interaction in a good way with our family, friends and also society. Beside that, we should take care of our health, both physical and spiritual. Speech About Premarital Pregnancy Assalamu’alaikum wr. Wb Good day Ladies and Gentleman Pregnancy is a desire of every woman. Do you agree? Why is pregnancy important? Is family support also important? How’s the impact to economics life? Every family wants children in their life. It’s natural and a biological thing. Every pregnancy needs process. Knowledge about pregnancy is important to make us understand the process better. These days, there are so many cases about premarital pregnancy. In Indonesia, the number of this case is getting high in every year, especially for adolescent group. So today, I will tell you about what factors causing the premarital pregnancy.What’s premarital pregnancy in bahasa? There are so many factors causing premarital pregnancy. Can you mention it one by one? What is your reason? Okay, I will tell you. We can see it from the social aspect, health aspect, and also from the technological aspect. The first is from social aspect. Social aspect includes social inte raction with family, friends, and society. From those social interactions, interaction with family is the most important thing. From this interaction, morality of everyone is formed. Beside that, interaction social between friends and society are also very important.If we can’t interact with people in a good way, it establishes a negative behavior. The second is health aspect. Everyone wants a healthy life. There are so many people who fall to premarital pregnancy due to lack of health, both physical and spiritual. Both of those things, affect to our psychological condition. If we can’t take care of our health, it’s not possible for our mental becomes weak. Deviant behavior then arises from this incident. Free sex, for example. The last is technological aspect. Tehcnology changes our lifestyles. Many people don’t care about their surroundings which caused by technology.In Indonesia itself, technological developments is moving too fast. But it doesnâ€℠¢t counterbalanced by the improved quality of human resources. The government should make a wisdom about this technological developments. If they don’t, morality of the nation will be damaged, which causes the deviant behavior. In conclusion, pregnancy requires a clear process. This one is very important to avoid ourself from the premarital pregnancy. Because of that, we need to do the social interaction in a good way with our family, friends and also society. Beside that, we should take care of our health, both physical and spiritual.

Night Essays - 1095 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Without a doubt, one of the darkest episodes in the history of mankind involved the systematic extermination of Jews, Gypsies, Slavs and gays by Nazi Germany. In order to get a good sense of the horror and despair that was felt by the interned, one simply needs to read the memoirs of Elie Wiesel in his â€Å"Night†, as translated from French by Stella Rodway and copyrighted by Bantam Books in 1960. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Elie Wiesel was born in Sighet, Transylvania. His parents ran a shop and cared for him and his three siblings, Hilda, Bea, and Tzipora. Early on, the Jewish community of Sighet payed little heed to the stories of what had happened to foreign Jews that were expelled. By the time Germans had†¦show more content†¦In describing how starving men fought to the death over tiny scraps of bread, he allows us to grasp the very nature of hunger, and how it can affect anyone. In talking about the children, Elie really develops the abhorrence of the whole situation. His vivid description of a child being hanged, how he was still alive, â€Å"struggling between life and death, dying in slow agony under our eyes†, truly captured the ghastly occurrences of the death camp. His own discussion of how he had lost faith in a God, and how other sons were leaving or even beating their fathers with no care enlightened me to the true despair that surrounded the people that inhabited these camps. His defiance to his religion at the solemn service of Rosh Hashanah is the culmination of his unbelief of his life’s ambitions to learn the cabbala. On the physical shape of the survivors, he sums it up with the description of himself in a mirror as â€Å"a corpse† that â€Å"gazed back at me†. This alone installed in me the overwhelming sense of how this event so completely ravaged the human soul. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When looking into the book’s historical accuracy, it is not difficult to come to the conclusion that the events told , no matter how unbelievable, truly did occur. The Holocaust wasShow MoreRelatedShadow of the Night619 Words   |  3 PagesShadow of the Night On a freezing, dark blue night of Li, in the Village of Li-Marta. This was an old little village, the houses were nothing but ash and rubble except an old abandoned barn. The barn had creaking floor boards and a rotten wooden roof. In this abandoned barn there lived a young and confident farm boy; his clothes were ragged and full of holes. The young boy was called Rye named after the agricultural god Ren-Rye. As Rye was sitting on the creaking floor boards a thought hit himRead MoreThe Night By Elie Wiesel904 Words   |  4 PagesIn Night by Elie Wiesel, the author reflects on his own experience of being separated from his family and eventually his own religion. This separation was not by any means voluntary, they were forced apart during the Holocaust. Wiesel was a Jew when the invasion of Hungary occurred and the Germans ripped members of his religion away from their home in Sighet. A once peaceful community where Wiesel learned to love the Kabbalah was now home to only dust and lost memories. Most members of that JewishRead MoreNight, By Eliezer Wiesel1585 Words   |  7 Pages There are many important themes and overtones to the book Night, by Eliezer Wiesel. One of the major themes from the book includes the protagonist, and author of his memoire, Elie Wiesel’s ever changing relationship with God. An example of this is when Moche the Beadle asked Elie an important question t hat would change his life forever, as the basis of his passion and aptitude for studying the ancient texts and teachings of Judaism, â€Å"When Moche the Beadle asked Elie why he prayed, Elie couldn tRead MoreNight Market Marketing Essay833 Words   |  4 Pages Preparing for Night Market Success Its funny how some night markets transform almost magically into something romantic even. Is it because of the moon, the lighting, the food, the music or the people? I believe its all of those features that make a momentous night at the market. In light of this, we believe market booths have the ability to return higher profits after dark. Therefore, we have come up with several key ideas to prepare your market stall for night success. Most vendors relyRead MoreStarry Night971 Words   |  4 PagesStarry Night is a beautiful painting, representational in the type of art. The size of the painting is 29 in. by 36  ¼ in., and oil on canvas were the materials used. Van Gogh is using an expressive quality and an emotionalism viewpoint. On the left side of the painting, there is a group of black lines that curve in waves upward, coming to a point. To the lower right, there is a small town that leads up to hills and then mountains. The painting is set at night, and the sky is a wondrous swirl of burstingRead MoreThe Night Sky - Original Writing926 Words   |  4 PagesIt was a dark and stormy night, the wind blows as the ghostly moonlight filled the darkness. George the highwayman made his way toward Bess the innkeeper’s daughter. She was gazing out the window when the two of their eyes met. Hers, black as the night sky, and a dark red love knot placed on her hair. A red dress made of the fabric silk. Her h air was a dark brown, but could have been mistaken as black. Her outfit fit her personality as much as it did the highwayman. I hope he loves poetry.Read MoreSummary Of Night By Eli Wiesel1561 Words   |  7 PagesNight by Eli Wiesel Amrinder Bhuller P.2 Author: The author of Night is Elie Wiesel. In my opinion, he did a very good job in writing this story! Eli was born on September 30, 1928. Eli is currently 86 and has written a lot of books. Eli had served as a prisoner Auschwitz and other concentration camps. He wrote all his experiences in this book. The Night talks about his experiences in these concentration camps and all he went through. Everything is probably historically correct because he wentRead MoreThe s Night - Original Writing1526 Words   |  7 PagesEverything that happened in Elie Wiesel’s night. I will see, smell, and feel the holocaust through the eyes of Wiesel. â€Å"Alright, uh, Yavin. Nice name. I’m Mr. Hiraku. Are you ready?† the teacher asked, looking down at his chart for my name. â€Å"Yes sir.† I answered, a bit shakily. I had used VR before for video games, but never for something so important. â€Å"Alright. I’m going to read you off some side effects involved with this experience. ‘While participating in the Night VR experience software, you may encounterRead MoreNight, Hope, By Elie Wiesel1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthey grabbed onto it as tightly as they could. Throughout Elie Wiesel’s memoir, Night, hope is a recurring theme. Elie and the people he was around were living in the darkest of conditions, but they still were able to shine a bright light on their situation. They remained hopeful, and this inspired the world. Putting all of this together, it is evident that the theme of hope was demonstrated throughout the book Night because Elie and the Jewish people tried to remain hopeful as they were forced intoRead MoreNight Time Tour951 Words   |  4 Pagesonce more at the sea where the sunset splattered colors of red and orange on the rough surface of blue and violet. Although the boardwalk was lively with smells of French fries and the cries of s eagulls, I nuzzled into the car seat and waited for the Night Time Tour to begin. I absolutely loved long car rides; it was the perfect excuse to let idle thoughts roam and to isolate myself from the world. I only observed the outside through the window of the family van, my personal theater. The images that