Advanced Management Accounting Samples for Students-Myassingment

Questions: 1.What is Costing Problem related with MMR? 2.Suggest Costing System utilizing Conventional Costing? Answers: 1.Costing issue related with MMR Macintoshes Molding and Repairs Ltd maintaining its SME business effectively. The organization has recorded 15% year on year development. It has three business lines which are shaping, custom plastic items and fixes. Trim business of MMR is the most beneficial business which developing essentially. It incorporates embellishment of plastic and other material into items. In spite of the fact that the deals of the MMR have been expanded essentially yet their net revenue isn't sufficient. The staff of MMR are exceptionally talented and productive enough to convey the work on schedule. Embellishment business of MMR has expanded by 15% in each most recent multi year. Some particular machines and gear are utilized in trim. The cost associated with the embellishment procedure is significantly factor which increment with the expansion of creation. The procedure is completely robotized which implies a solitary individual can work 30 machines one after another. Clients are given 60 days credit with no additional charges. Indeed, even the transportation cost has been paid by the MMR itself. The purpose for this is to contend in the market. Then again, custom work division of MMR produces the items on the gave plans of the clients. They don't offer any planning types of assistance to its clients. The custom work is more work serious as each request is diverse with the last one. In any case, stores are taken ahead of time and full installment is recuperated inside the 7 days of the deals. Customs product offering incorporates the assembling of redid items utilizing fiberglass, Plastic, carbon fiber and other Morden materials. Works makes the most of their work and are exceptionally talented. The fix business of MMR gives a wide scope of fix administrations to the clients. It incorporates fixing of Canoes, pontoons, mechanical hardware and custom vehicles. Fix workshop business of MMR is likewise productive which incorporates selling of fix stocks also. MMR sells the fix apparatus both on the web and disconnected. Fixes work is completed in a different structure by the works. This business is likewise a work concentrated. Fast conveyance and speedy administrations are the center quality for MMR. Employment costing strategy is being utilized by MMR for cost bookkeeping. Embellishment thinks about every creation as a new position. Direct work and material expense are followed by the activity sheets. Be that as it may, following costing issues have been seen which brought about a low overall revenue of MMR: In trim, at whatever point MMR gets another and earnest request it stops the current request and goes with the new creation. The material and sources utilized for the past creation should be dumbed which builds the material expense. 60 days credit permitted by MMR is likewise expanding its working expense as cash is on layaway with no premium. MMR is losing opportunity cost on its credited sum. Free transportation is additionally expanding the expense for MMR. In the traditions division, the procedure is more work concentrated and along these lines, the expense of creation is higher in this division. At a time 5 units are created which is low. Fixed expense is high in custom work which is the reason the benefits are similarly low. Fix works is additionally a work escalated division yet the organization is selling fix material as well and utilizing the space at fix workshop. Costing approach of MMR is additionally answerable for low-overall revenues. All the expense are combined and c onveyed similarly among all the division which is definitely not an ideal practice. Evaluating is finished by following expense in addition to approach. Trim 20%, custom 30% and fixes 25%. The edge for custom and fix works isn't satisfactory as both the procedure are work escalated and cost of creation is commonly a lot higher than embellishment (Drury, 2008). 2.Significance of costing Cost bookkeeping is a strategy and a device to decide the expense of the undertaking. Least the cost most extreme the benefit. Along these lines, while taking choices supervisors consider cost at need and take doable and beneficial choices where cost is least (Eldenburg et. al., 2017). Regular costing is advantageous and simple to inspect. In regular costing, volume cost driver is utilized which mutilates the expense of item. Overabundance or any undesired expense is charged to the client with the assistance of employment costing (Kinney Raiborn, 2008). Notwithstanding, traditional costing technique isn't proper for the broadened product offering as a solitary strategy for costing is utilized. Nature of item and its procedure is overlooked which doesn't give the correct data about the real expense related with the item or administration. By and by, MMR utilizes work costing technique as the administration discover this strategy progressively advantageous and simple to ingest its cost regardless of the nature and multifaceted nature of its product offerings. MMR can expand its benefits by utilizing various strategies for costing for its every business line. Half breed costing framework is a morden approach which has been generally utilized by the organizations for costing. It favors the blend of two or than two costing strategy relying upon the idea of the assembling procedure and material. For trim division, it can utilize cluster costing as structure and nature of the item is comparative. It assists with regarding each group of creation as a different activity. Agreement costing is likewise useful for its custom fills in as each request is isolated from another (Hansen, Mowen Guan, 2015). Cost engaged with custom work is normally higher than other two division. The expense of each delivered unit contrasts because of various need and necessity of the clients. For its fix works, it can proceed with the activity costing as the fixes works run in a different lease d structure where the fixed expense including rent and work is exceptionally high. Occupation costing will assist with discounting the fixed expense with the each activity (Eldenburg et. al., 2017). MMR need to reconsider its valuing as the custom and fixes division are more work escalated while the trim division includes variable costing. It needs to expand the creation of custom work and fixes so fixed expense can discount. Higher creation level decreases the fixed expense and assists with limiting the expense of creation (Eldenburg et. al., 2017). References Drury, C. (2008). The board and Cost Accounting. London: Cengage Learning EMEA. Eldenburg, L. G., Brooks, An., Oliver, A., Vesty, G., Dormer, R., Murthy, V. (2017). The board Accounting. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia. Hansen, D., Mowen, M., Guan, L. (2015). Cost Management: Accounting and Control. Bricklayer: Cengage Learning. Cengage Learning. Kinney, M., Raiborn, C. (2008). Cost Accounting: Foundations and Evolutions. Bricklayer: Cengage Learning.

Leading Change by John P. Kotter

Presentation Leading Change is a book composed by John Paul Kotter, a Harvard Business School educator and one of the main researchers in the field of initiative and change, accurately, he discusses how best organizations can execute change. The book comprises of 187 pages orchestrated into 15 sections, these sections are put into three classifications: Part I, Part II, and Part III. Every part handles an alternate stage towards actualizing change. Driving Change was first distributed in the United States in1996 by the Harvard Business School Press.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Leading Change by John P. Kotter explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More I picked Leading Change since the book is a global smash hit composed by perhaps the best writer in business the board. Having perused one of Kotter’s books: The Heart of Change (2002), I was stunned by the profundity of information he has in how best to oversee organizations towards change. Dri ving Change was a method of broadening my comprehension of a similar subject. In the event that the book’s title is an indication into the book’s substance, I hope to discover helpful data in overseeing and actualizing change in an association. With the ever-expanding requirement for organizations to impact change so as to stay important, I anticipate that the creator should give a precise strategy for executing change, and, in his trademark style, to give various contextual investigations of how organizations have prevailing by actualizing change. Book Summary Kotter starts by advising us regarding the significance of progress in each part of life, he makes reference to globalization as a significant power pushing firms towards actualizing change (Kotter, p. 10). He takes the since quite a while ago settled separation of the board against administration. From this correlation, we realize why Kotter picked Leading Change as his title as opposed to something like Managi ng Change for it takes authority instead of only administration to control firms through occasions of incredible change. Kotter advances 8 stages that are crucial to impact change in any firm as sketched out beneath: Establishing a need to keep moving In Chapter 3, Kotter examines the primary phase of affecting change and expresses that this stage requires a lot of cooperation, a very much spread out arrangement, and a status to make penances for other people. The creator sets that a significant level of fulfillment and a low degree of desperation are the two biggest boundaries to affecting change. He further expresses that various firms face fulfillment regardless of having a profoundly clever and positive-thinking staff. Kotter gives nine procedures of beating fulfillment and underscores that a powerful pioneer is required to transform these methodologies into reality.Advertising Looking for report on business correspondence? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Creating the Guiding Coalition Chapter 4 starts with a framework of the second phase of affecting change. Kotter states that so as to incite change in any firm, solid rules are required. These incorporate the correct group of people, significant level of trust, and regular vision are imperative to the accomplishment of this procedure. Moreover, a solitary head can't actualize change without anyone else, it is his obligation to arrange a solid group to help him during the program. Kotter presents four phases expected to make a compelling group and expresses that the most huge highlights to the accomplishment of the group are trust, a common target, and truthfulness. Build up a dream and methodology Kotter makes reference to that there are three different ways to convince individuals into modifying their conduct to acquire the ideal change an association, these strategies are dictator, micromanagement, and vision. Vision explains the requirement fo r change and is a center component to all incredible administration. He makes reference to the highlights of a suitable vision and gives a strategy for actualizing the vision effectively. Impart the change vision Kottler stresses the significance of correspondence out and about towards change. Openness is of the utmost importance for the achievement of any change system embraced for it makes understanding among the colleagues actualizing the change. He composes that significant data must be ignored more than once in various manners. In particular, people’s every day correspondence prerequisites need to mirror the better approach for intuition, he cites Mahatma Gandhi that pioneers must â€Å"be the change they wish to see† (Kotter, pp. 89). Enable workers for expansive based activity This shows up in section 8 and for the most part harps on the idea of staff strengthening. Kotter makes reference to disposing of impediments that will obstruct the change endeavors. Top-l evel administration can dispose of these hindrances by guaranteeing that the current system doesn't obstruct the vision of progress. By adjusting the present authoritative system to vision, the change procedure can be progressively fruitful. Kotter likewise makes reference to the significance of workforce training identifying with strengthening: instruction enables the representatives and improves the probability of accomplishment of the change program. Create momentary successes The 6th stage in the execution of progress, which shows up in part 9, approaches the age of prompt victories to exhibit the significance of progress to the firm and to root for the group actualizing change.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Leading Change by John P. Kotter explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kotter says that these momentary successes increment the odds of finishing the change procedure, notwithstanding, they are just useful on the off chance that they are observable to many, the terms are straight, and the achievement is firmly connected with the change procedure. A triumph produced to fulfill the prerequisites makes euphoria, conviction, and drive. So by what method should this be possible? Kotter states that the answer for making progress is arranging as opposed to relying upon petitions, he separates between â€Å"gimmick wins† and substantial transient victories (Kotter, pp. 191). Kotter states that despite the fact that momentary tricks can be useful for some time, managers must not hurt the firm’s future by affecting transient triumphs. In rundown, transient successes ought not be offered unmistakable quality to long haul change dreams. Merge gains and produce more change In the seventh stage, Kotter traces five stages to accomplishing triumph in change programs. The initial step is to start perplexing and intense changes in the firm, at that point look for more help to ensure the program succeeds. Thirdly, the r anking directors must carry on giving a solid accentuation on the purpose behind the change program, next, decentralization of the projects is indispensable for it permits the executives to concentrate on the explanation behind the change program and expands their odds of progress. The last advance is to dispose of superfluous credits or fulfillment. Grapple new methodologies in the way of life The last advance starts in part 10 and principally manages the perils of neglecting to execute change programs, Kotter offers a recipe for actualizing change. Neglecting to embrace change projects can prompt an all out disappointment in an organization, and the way in to a perpetual change in an association not just depends on changing vision or statements of purpose or even the guidance manuals, however in changing the organization customs. Basic reasoning Leading Change keeps on being an acknowledged book on the techniques for directing an association towards change. Kotter offers various t houghts and directions for the pioneer to recall, and he presents these thoughts in straightforward stages. While there are no references to these thoughts, quite a bit of what he presents relates to current examinations and hypotheses in authority and authoritative conduct. Kotter additionally makes a great showing by giving us a differentiation among pioneers and directors, and the understanding that ICT has for all time changed society by quickening change, subsequently the pressing requirement for supervisors to figure out how to lead their associations towards change.Advertising Searching for report on business correspondence? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Obviously, this book is intended for ranking directors attempting to impact change in huge associations, in any case, I likewise discovered some data that can be applied in littler firms. Driving Change is an absolute necessity read for business officials, particularly in the 21st century where each part of the corporate world is constantly experiencing change. The book has its drawback as well. It needs detail, supporting information and research studies to praise the thoughts introduced. Kotter discusses enormous structural changes in the commercial center, however does exclude supporting proof. A portion of the proposals that he presents are hard to see as well, for instance, he makes reference to that permitting a budgetary misfortune will help approve the criticalness for change, this thought may proclaim the defeat of a steady business or association. He likewise makes reference to that non-administrative representatives have been prepared to not be responsible, an announcement many will excuse as paradox. The book seems, by all accounts, to be a gathering of articles on overseeing change in associations rather that a total book on driving change. Kotter talks about various instances of progress programs that fizzled with less notice of handy systems and positive models. My anxiety while perusing the book was that because of the absence of subtleties and supporting proof, it might be utilized by a mean or exploitative chief to protect abusive requests that may in the long run harm an association. Proposal I would prescribe the book to any chief attempting to lead the firm through change as it gives a disentangled method of approaching this procedure. The creator presents the change program in straightforward parcels of thoughts with stages, steps and blunder records that are anything but difficult to recollect. The eight phases of progress set forward offer timel

The Right Way to Compare Merchant Payment Processors

The Right Way to Compare Merchant Payment Processors Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!The Right Way to Compare Merchant Payment ProcessorsUpdated On 19/07/2018Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2NpUunC CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIf you run a business, it’s high time you start accepting credit and debit card payments. Though cash has long been king, consumers are carrying cashless and less frequently; under 41 percent of the population is likely to have cash on hand, and one-third of the younger generations, to include millennials and gen z, attest to never touch the stuff. Thus, if your business isn’t equipped to accept plastic payments, you are missing out on a significant portion of potential profits.However, that doesn’t mean you should rush recklessly into accepting card payments. Rather, you should take your time to compare available merchant payment processors to determine which one is right for your busin ess. Here is a guide to researching and understanding your options, so you can accept card-based payments the right way.First, Some IntrospectionWhat does your business sell? How do your customers behave? Where do you do business? I might seem like these are rudimentary questions, but providing answers is a critical first step to finding your perfect payment processor. Questions like these will help you understand what kind of transactions you will likely process, which in turn will lead you to merchant payment processing providers best equipped to handle your payment needs. For example, if your business exists in stores, online and on a mobile app, you will need a processor who offers services across all three platforms. You should pay especially close attention to the size and frequency of your transactions because most processors organize their plans around these two criteria. You could be penalized with fees if your transactions don’t occur according to your plan.Additionally, you should consider what services and features are important, though not critical, to your business. For example, your brand might be built on the importance of supporting local businesses so you might prefer a local payment processor. Customer service is always important, but if you are a Luddite, having a particularly active and available service line available might be imperative. As you determine what you need and want, you should make a checklist and rate these features according to their importance.Next, Deep ResearchWith your checklist in hand, you should begin your hunt for the perfect merchant payment processing provider. You can start on the internet: Perform a web search for processors and a few of the most important features on your list. Then, you should dive deep into whatever results show up, scouring websites for information about services and plans. During this period, you should accumulate a long list of potential processors. Likely, you will feel overwhelmed by p ossibility and want to commit yourself to be a cash-only enterprise. However, by paying attention to the information available online, you should be able to narrow your list relatively swiftly. You should consider the quality of providers’ websites; if the website is at all janky or less-than-informative, you can write that option off. You might also search other areas of the web, like the Better Business Bureau, for reviews of potential processors. An exceptional number of dissatisfied customers is a bright-red flag that should prompt you to look elsewhere.READImportant things to cover in your content campaignOnce you have a small, manageable list, you should begin calling processors for quotes. Rarely are processors fully transparent regarding their fee structure online; calling is often the only way to understand and compare costs. Plus, calling processors allows you a better view of their customer service. Any providers who take too long to reach or are in any way rude or dism issive might not be right for your business.Finally, the DecisionOnce you have thought long and hard about your needs, done an appropriately deep amount of research on your options and contacted the hopefuls, it is time to make your decision. While your payment processor will impact day-to-day business and your bottom line â€" meaning this choice has an effect on how your business functions â€" it is important to remember that payment processing contracts only last for a certain length of time. If you are dissatisfied with your service in any way, you can return to your research and choose a new provider after your contract term is up. You need a payment processor soon, but you don’t want to make the decision lightly. By putting the time and effort into researching and weighing your options, you will be more likely to find the perfect processing service and lead your business to success.

Camille Chevalier-Karfis - ThoughtCo

These Past Couple Of Years We Have Seen All Types Of Racism

These past couple of years we have seen all types of racism and hate not only in a certain city but all around the world. Racial profiling, police brutality and police taking advantage of their authority. Personally I feel that police officers should wear body cameras regardless of the costs while on duty, there is no downside on requiring body cams. The cameras would serve as evidence to be referenced at any time that allegations are made against a police officer. Or in other cases if the police officer over did his authority towards someone. Police brutality has been around for years, mostly it has to do with racism. Cooper explains â€Å"Psychological violence also assured other forms during these stops. During stops, officers might†¦show more content†¦At times police officers would be the victims at times, people see everything that goes on and automatically assume that a police officer is going to treat them bad or be aggressive towards them so they become defensive a nd ready to attack even if the police officer doesn’t have that intention. We see in the news all the times that a police killed or shot a woman or man but we don’t really know if the police had to for self-defense or if they took advantage of their authority. Police officers sometimes accuse or violate an innocent person’s right at times regardless the person is innocent they consider them guilty until proven innocent. Williams says â€Å"This is the policeman’s and vigilante’s logic: shoot first, ask questions later. It’s the algorithmic filter at the border of a fractured brave new world, where every value of American jurisprudence is upturned on its head.† (pg.58) To act first before questioning or asking seems so hard for officers at times because either the person don’t cooperate or the officer is being rude and stereotyping. Before a police officer can judge someone they should at least give the person the chance to expl ain themselves rather than act aggressively. None of the actions that cops do at times stays recorded or on file unless someone else is recording. Racial profiling is probably the most famous reason why cops act upon a person the way they do. McAlister says â€Å"The attitude underlying racial profiling is one that may beShow MoreRelatedThe American Civil War And The Civil Rights Movement1539 Words   |  7 PagesCivil Rights movement. 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During the Great Depression, colossal unemployment and relocation forcedRead MoreThe Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen Barriers of Relationships1716 Words   |  7 PagesFor decades, interracial relationships have been a deep seated conflict among many people and families in our history. Not only in the United States, but many countries around the world have debated and banned such acts. Although it has now been found to be unconstitutional based on the violation of the fourteenth amendment, societal perceptions, norms, and hate g roups have still managed to persist. We as a country have come a long way in the past fifty years by recognizing the injustice in banningRead MoreThe Representation Of Native Americans1241 Words   |  5 Pagesthe participants think things have improved while others think that there is room for improvement when it comes to the representation of Native Americans in media. The participants were between the ages of 18 and 60. Stephanie says that some people (particularly from other countries), still think that native people still live in teepees and dress the way that they used to. It has been noted that popular media overwhelmingly depicts Native people as living in the past. What it comes down to is thatRead MorePlastic Makes Perfect?814 Words   |  3 Pageswarning labels on Barbie Dolls because they set ridiculous standards, reinforce the ideas of racism, and destroy the self-esteem of girls everywhere. Girls are worrying about their appearances earlier in life than ever before. They strive for perfection, which no one can attain, well, except for Barbie. Have you ever seen a woman who has the same body as Barbie? Probably not, considering she would have to crawl just to support her freakish proportions. There is a 1 out of 4.3 billion chance ofRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police1281 Words   |  6 Pageson the situation at hand. 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In other words, the majority of the debate comes from the racial issues which created a system of unequal treatment of citizens along the lines of race and ethnicity. Within the broad scope of this topic of slavery, the focus will be specified on the history, theory and economic implications. The reason is because racism is the main questionRead MoreEth 125 Final Paper1590 Words   |  7 Pagesnot have before taking this course. Seeing white people in my community is the norm for me. I live in a fairly large city that has a wide variety of races, culture, and heritage, but Whites make up 90% of the population here, while the rest of the population is a mixer of Asian American, African American, Native Americans, Portuguese and Hispanics. I have been in contact with people that think race, heritage, and culture are factors that do not affect communities, but racism, discrimination

Strategic Planning at BP - 1198 Words

The planning function is where management seeks to design corporate actions that will help the organization meet its strategic objectives. The strategic planning process is usually step-based, in order to ensure that the organization takes a proactive approach to planning, rather than a reactive approach. The strategic planning process begins with setting the corporate mission and objectives as the first step. Most corporations will have a broad vision for the company and a mission that are expressed in statements so that all of the corporations stakeholders will be able to understand these things about the company. BPs stated business model is to create value across the entire hydrocarbon value chain Ã¥ ­Ëœtarting with exploration and ending with the supply of energy and other products fundamental to life (BP.com, 2012). Naturally, BP operates to enhance shareholder wealth as a primary objective. This general process is mirrored at BP. The company uses a structure that emphasizes the different functions exploration, extraction, refining and retailing. The strategic planning process at the highest level of the company seeks to develop and leverage synergies between these different functions. The operating synergies, and the synergies in the marketplace that derive from the use of a consistent name, are key to BPs operating strategy. Each unit within the different functions is designed to earn its own money through whatever means are available. So for example, it is notShow MoreRelatedThe Planning Function at BP1307 Words   |  5 PagesThe planning function consists of a number of different steps, including situational analysis, alternative goals and plans, goal and plan evaluation, goal and plan selection, implementation and monitoring/control. The situation at BP is that the company is working to shake off the effects of the Deepwater Horizon disaster. 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In the case of the BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill, we examine the effects of an organization not being prepared for this particular crisis. The world scrutinized the actions, inactions, and the human decisions made by BP that led to a major catastrophic crisis. The organization was not prepared for a crisis of this magnitude. Our text stated that this type of negligenceRead MoreBp : The Spill Of The Gulf Of Mexico921 Words   |  4 Pagesan explosion occurred aboard BP contracted Transocean Ltd Deepwater Horizon oil rig stationed in the Gulf of Mexico. Eleven workers were killed instantly. Unfortunately, the BP management did not wake up that morning (or countless mornings before) expecting the event to occur for it took them almost 4 months to clean up the spill. The first month was spent forecasting the rate of the spill and having President Barack Obama tour the site. 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Mill What Is Poetry Essay Example For Students

Mill What Is Poetry Essay That, however, the word poetry imports something quite peculiar in its nature; something which may exist in what is called prose as well as in verse; something which does not even require the instrument of words, but can speak through the other audible symbols called musical sounds, and even through the visible ones which are the language of sculpture, painting, and architectureall this, we believe, is and must be felt, though perhaps indistinctly, by all upon whom poetry in any of its shapes produces any impression beyond that of tickling the ear. The distinction teens poetry and what is not poetry, whether explained or not, is felt to be fundamental; and, where every one feels a difference, a difference there must be. All other appearances may be fallacious; but the appearance of a difference is a real difference. Appearances too, like other things, must have a cause; and that which can cause anything, even an illusion, must be a reality. And hence, while a half- philosophy disdains the classifications and distinctions indicated by popular language, philosophy carried to its highest point frames new ones, but rarely sets aside the old, content with correcting and regulating them. It cuts fresh channels for thought, but does not fill up such as it finds ready-made: it traces, on the contrary, more deeply, broadly, and distinctly, those into which the current has spontaneously flowed. Let us then attempt, in the way of modest inquiry, not to coerce and confine Nature within the bounds of an arbitrary definition, but rather to find the boundaries which she herself has set, and erect a barrier round them; not calling mankind to account for having misapplied the word poetry, but attempting to clear up the conception which they already attach to it, and to bring forward as a distinct Renville that which, as a vague feeling, has really guided them in their employment of the term. The object of poetry is confessedly to act upon the emotions; and therein is poetry sufficiently distinguished from what Wordsmith affirms to be its logical opposite; namely, not prose but matter of fact, or science. The one addresses itself to the belief; the other, to the feelings. The one does its work by convincing or persuading; the other, by moving. The one acts by presenting a proposition to the understanding; the other, by offering interesting objects of contemplation to the sensibilities. This, however, leaves us very far from a definition of poetry. This distinguishes it from one thing; but we are bound to distinguish it from everything. To bring thoughts or images before the mind, for the purpose of acting upon the emotions, does not belong to poetry alone. It is equally the province (for example) of the novelist; and yet the faculty of the poet and that of the novelist are as distinct as any other two faculties; as the faculties of the novelist and of the orator, or of the poet and the metaphysical. The two characters may be united, as characters the most disparate may; but they have no natural connection. Many of the greatest poems are in the form of fictitious narratives; and, in almost all good serious fictions, there is true poetry. But there is a radical distinction between the interest felt in a story as such, and the interest excited by poetry; for the one is derived from incident, the other from the representation of feeling. In one, the source of the emotion excited is the exhibition of a state or states of human sensibility; in the other, of a series of states of mere outward circumstances. Now, all minds are capable of being affected more or less by representations of the latter kind, and all, r almost all, by those of the former; yet the two sources of interest correspond to two distinct and (as respects their greatest development) mutually exclusive characters of mind. At what age is the passion for a story, for almost any kind of story, merely as a story, the most intense? In childhood. But that also is the age at which poetry, even of the simplest description, is least relished and least understood; because the feelings with which it is especially conversant are yet undeveloped; and, not having been even in the slightest degree experienced, cannot be sympathized with. In what stage of the progress of society, again, is storytelling most valued, and the storyteller in greatest request and honor? In a rude state like that of the Tartars and Arabs at this day, and of almost all nations in the earliest ages. But, in this state of society, there is little poetry except ballads, which are mostly narrativethat it, essentially storiesand derive their principal interest from the incidents. Considered as poetry, they are of the lowest and most elementary kind: the feelings depicted, or rather indicated, are the simplest our nature has; such Joys and grief as the immediate pressure of some outward event excites in rude minds, which live wholly immersed in outward things, and have never, either from choice or force they could not resist, turned themselves to the contemplation of the world within. Passing now from childhood, and from the childhood of society, to the grown-up men and women of this most grown-up and machinelike age, the minds and hearts of greatest depth and elevation are commonly those which take greatest delight in poetry; the shallowest and emptiest, on the contrary, are, at all events, not those least addicted to novel-reading. This accords, too, with all analogous experience of human nature. The sort of persons whom not merely in books, but in their lives, we find perpetually engaged in hunting for excitement from without, are invariably those who do not possess, either in the vigor of their intellectual powers or in the depth of their sensibilities, that which would enable them to find ample excitement nearer home. The most idle and frivolous persons take a natural delight in fictitious narrative: the excitement it affords is of the kind which comes from without. Such persons are rarely lovers of poetry, though they may fancy themselves so because they relish ovals in verse. But poetry, which is the delineation of the deeper and more secret workings of human emotion, is interesting only to those to whom it recalls what they have felt, or whose imagination it stirs up to conceive what they could feel, or what they might have been able to feel, had their outward circumstances been different. Poetry, when it is really such, is truth; and fiction also, if it is good for anything, is truth: but they are different truths. The truth of poetry is to paint the human soul truly: the truth of fiction is to give a true picture of life. The two kinds of knowledge are different, and come by different ways, come mostly to different persons. Great poets are often proverbially ignorant of life. What they know has come by observation of themselves: they have found within them one highly delicate and sensitive specimen of human nature, on which the laws of emotion are written in large characters, such as can be read off without much study. Other knowledge of mankind, such as comes to men of the world by outward experience, is not indispensable to them as poets; but, to the novelist, such knowledge is all in all; he as to describe outward things, not the inward man; actions and events, not feelings; and it will not do for him to be numbered among those, who, as Madame Roland said of Bristol, know man, but not men. All this is no bar to the possibility of combining both elements, poetry and narrative or incident, in the same work, and calling it either a novel or a poem; but so may red and white combine on the same human features or on the same canvas. There is on order of composition which requires the union of poetry and incident, each in its highest kind -the dramatic. Poetic Analysis Essay: â€Å"the First Snowfall†A p the intention of printing it, but for the express purr should be poetry, being written under such influence impossible; but no otherwise possible than if he ca work every vestige of such looking-forth into the o an express his emotions exactly as he has felt the that he should feel them, thought they were to ERM lowest) as he knows that others feel them in similar when he turns round, and addresses himself to an utterance is not itself the end, but a means to an e himself expresses, to work upon the feelings, or up when the expression of his emotions or of his thou tinged also by that purpose, by that desire of make mind-then it ceases to be poetry, and becomes ell natural fruit of solitude and meditation; eloquence The persons who have most feeling of their own, if them a language in which to express it, have the hi est. understand the feelings of others are the moss nations who commonly excel in poetry are those w them le ast dependent upon the applause or sump general. Those to whom that applause, that sympathy necessary, generally excel most in eloquence. And are the least poetical of all great and intellectual n eloquent; the French also being the most sociable, dependent. If the above be, as we believe, the true commonly admitted between eloquence and poet if, as we cannot doubt, the distinction above stated will be found to hold, not merely in the language o and to intersect the whole domain of art. Take, for example, music. We shall find in that art, passion, two perfectly distinct stylesone of which other the oratory, of music. This difference, being s musical sectarianism. There has been much content modern Italian school, that of Rossini, and his such Without doubt, the passion it expresses is not the pathos or grief of Mozart or Beethoven; yet is passion, but garrulous passion, the passion which pours itself into other ears, and therein the better calculated for dramatic effect, having a natural adaptation for dialogue. Mozart also is great in musical oratory; but his most couching compositions are in the opposite style, that of soliloquy. Who can imagine Dove son heard? We imagine it overheard. Purely pathetic music commonly partakes of soliloquy. The soul is absorbed in its distress and, though there may be bystanders, it is not thinking of them. When the mind is looking within, and not without, its state does not often or rapidly vary; and hence the even, uninterrupted flow, approaching almost to monotony, which is a good reader or a good singer will give to words or music of a pensive or melancholy cast. But grief, taking the form of a prayer or of a complaint, becomes oratorical: no anger low and even and subdued, it assumes a more emphatic rhythm, a more rapidly returning accent; instead of a few slow, equal notes, following one after another at regular intervals, it crowds note upon note, and often assumes a hurry and bustle like Joy. Those who are familiar with some of the best of Rosins serious compositions, such as the air Tu ache I misers confront, in the opera of Attained, or the duet Been per MIM memoriam, in La Gaza Ladder, will at once understand and feel our meaning. Both are highly tragic and passionate: the passion of both is that of oratory, not poetry. The like may be said of that most moving invocation in Beethovens Fidel, > > > > Zoom, Huffing, lass ads latte Stern > > > > Deer M;De night reversible in which Madame Schroeder Deviant exhibited such consummate powers of pathetic expression. How different from Winters beautiful Pagan FBI, the very soul of melancholy exhaling itself in solitude! Fuller of meaning, and therefore more profoundly poetical, than the words for which it was composed; for it seems to express, not simple melancholy, but the melancholy of remorse. If from vocal music we now pass to instrumental, we may have a specimen of musical oratory in any fine military symphony or march; while the poetry of music seems to have attained its consummation in Beethovens Overture to Segment, so wonderful in its mixed expression of grandeur and melancholy. In the arts which speak to the eye, the same distinctions will be found to hold, not only between poetry and oratory, but between poetry, oratory, narrative, and simple imitation or description. Pure description is exemplified in a mere portrait or a mere landscape, productions of art, it is true, but of the mechanical rather than of the fine arts; being works of impel imitation, not creation. We say, a mere portrait or a mere landscape; because it is possible for a portrait or a landscape, without ceasing to be such, to be also a picture, like Turners landscapes, and the great portraits by Titian or Vandals. Whatever in painting or sculpture expresses human feelingsor character, which is only a certain state of feeling grown habitualmay be called, according to circumstances, the poetry or the eloquence of the painters or the sculptures art: the poetry, if the feeling declares itself by such signs as escape from us when we are unconscious of being en; the oratory, if the signs are those we use for the purpose of voluntary communication. The narrative style answers to what is called historical painting, which it is the fashion among connoisseurs to treat as the claims of the pictorial art. That it is the most difficult branch of the art, we do not doubt, because, in its perfection, it includes the perfection of all the other branches; as, in like manner, an epic poem though, in so far as it is epic (I. E. Narrative), it is not poetry at all, is yet esteemed the greatest effort of poetic genius, because there is no kind whatever of otter which may not appropriately find a place in it. But an historical picture as such, that is, as the representation of an incident, must necessarily, as it seems to us, be poor and ineffective. The narrative powers of painting are extremely limited. Scarcely any picture, scarcely even any series of pictures, tells its own story without the aid of an interpreter. But it is the single figures, which, to us, are the great charm even of an historical picture. It is in these that the power of the art is really seen. In the attempt to narrate, visible and permanent signs are too far behind the fugitive audible ones, which follow so fast one after another; while the faces and figures in a narrative picture, even though they be Titans, stand still. Who would not prefer one Virgin and Child of Raphael to all the pictures which Rueben, with his fat, frowzy Dutch Avenues, ever painted? -though Rueben, besides excelling almost everyone in his mastery over the mechanical parts of his art, often shows real genius in grouping his figures, the peculiar problem of historical painting. But then, who, except a mere student of drawing and coloring, ever cared to look twice at any of the figure s themselves? The poser of painting lies in poetry, of which Rueben had not the slightest tincture, not in narrative, wherein he might have excelled. The single figures, however, in an historical picture, are rather the eloquence of painting than the poetry. They mostly (unless they are quite out of place in the picture) express the feelings of one person as modified by the presence of others. Accordingly, the minds whose bent leads them rather to eloquence than to poetry rush to historical painting.